Hazard assessment toxicity

Barrows, M.E., Petrocelli, S.R., and Macek, K.J. Bioconcentration and elimination of selected water pollntants by blnegill snnfish (Lepomls macrochirusj, in Dynamic, Exposure, Hazard Assessment Toxic Chemicals, Haque, R., Ed. (Ann Arbor, Ml Ann Arbor Science Pnblishers, 1980). 

Barrows ME, Petrocelli SR, Macek KJ, et al. 1980. Bioconcentration and elimination of selected water pollutants by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). In Dyn. Exposure Hazard Assess Toxic Chem. Ann Arbor, Ml Ann Arbor Science, 379-392. 

On the other hand, if the hazard is toxicity, process alternatives can be compared by assessing the mass of toxic material that would enter the vapor phase on release from containment, weighting the components according to their lethal concentration. 

Richardson, M.L. (ed). (1986) Toxic Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, The Royal Society of Chemistry, London. 

Most human or environmental healtli hazards can be evaluated by dissecting tlie analysis into four parts liazard identification, dose-response assessment or hazard assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. For some perceived healtli liazards, tlie risk assessment might stop with tlie first step, liazard identification, if no adverse effect is identified or if an agency elects to take regulatory action witliout furtlier analysis. Regarding liazard identification, a hazard is defined as a toxic agent or a set of conditions that luis the potential to cause adverse effects to hmnan health or tlie environment. Healtli hazard identification involves an evaluation of various forms of information in order to identify the different liaz.ards. Dose-response or toxicity assessment is required in an overall assessment responses/cffects can vary widely since all chemicals and contaminants vary in their capacity to cause adverse effects. This step frequently requires that assumptions be made to relate... 

R. J. Larson and A. W. Maki, Aquatic Toxicity and Hazard Assessment, ASTM Technical Publication 766, Philadelphia, 1982, p. 120. 

A number of commercial expert systems have been applied to screen drug libraries. For instance, DEREK, TOPKAT, MultiCASE, and many other systems all have possibilities in this regard. However, it should be noted that for broad screening only compounds with toxicity associated with them can be identified, and hence these are very crude measures of hazard assessment. The use of expert systems to screen libraries is fraught with dangers, not least that no performance statistics are available for these systems being used for such an application. It is also highly probable that the vast majority of predic-... 

Up to this point the discussion has focused on the methods of characterizing hazard at the molecular level but has not yet addressed the imderlying question of how hazards are compared so that decisions can be made about safer choices. Hazard is a relative term and therefore the difficult assignment of comparative hazard assessment must be evaluated and quantified if possible. To claim that one chemical is safe (non-toxic) and another is not is meaningless without including a description of how that decision is made. 

Wolfe N.L. in "Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals" Haque, R., Ed. Ann Arbor Science Publ. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1980 pp. 163-178. 

Mackay, D. (1981) Environmental and laboratory rates of volatilization of toxic chemicals from water. In Hazardous Assessment of Chemicals, Current Development. Volume 1, Academic Press. 

Passino, D.R.M., Smith, S.B. (1987) Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and toxicity data in hazard assessment. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-II. Kaiser, K.L.E., Editor, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 261-270. 

Haque, R., Falco, J., Cohen, S., Riordan, C. (1980) Role of transport and fate studies in the exposure, assessment and screening of toxic chemicals. In Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals. Haque, R., Ed., pp. 47-67, Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, MI. 

Crookes, M.J., Howe, P.D. (1993) Environmental Hazard Assessment Halogenated naphthalenes. Toxic Substances Division, Directorate for Air, Climate and Toxic Substances, Department of the Environment, Build Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, WD2 7JR. 

Fire safety in a particular scenario is improved by decreasing the corresponding level of fire risk or of fire hazard. Technical studies will, more commonly, address fire hazard assessment. Fire hazard is the result of a combination of several fire properties, including ignitability, flammability, flame spread, amount of heat released, rate of heat release, smoke obscuration and smoke toxicity. 

Toxic potency of smoke data can be used as one of the inputs in fire hazard assessment. In particular, they can be combined with average mass loss rates and times to ignition to obtain a quick estimate of toxic fire hazard. 

Toxicity. There is only one Member State (Germany) having a test which is used to assess toxic hazards of combustion gases. The test is used mainly to evaluate non-combustible materials and is based on bio-assay techniques. The philosophies of other countries consider non-combustible materials as presenting no, or negligible toxic hazard. 

Furthermore, it has been shown that the time period until ignition occurs, in the Cone calorimeter, is proportional to the inverse of the flame spread rate [16]. The Cone calorimeter can also be used to provide the mass loss rate information required for the simplified classification into categories of toxic hazard [1] quick toxic hazard assessment. Thus, the NBS Cone calorimeter is a very useful tool to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with measuring a single property at a time. 

Arsine toxicity data from acute and short-term inhalation exposures. Pp. 85-89 in Hazard Assessment and Control Technology in Semiconductor Manufacturing. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Chelsea, MI Lewis. 

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