Harvest, timing

Depencling on variety, harvest time and other factors. 

Samples are collected at the usual harvest time for each crop. However, when it is very difficult to identify the metabolic pathway on the sample owing to the long preharvest intervals, samples should be collected several times between first application and the usual harvest time. 

PHI for the crop (for early season applications this may need to be estimated in the protocol and then confirmed upon harvest of the crop for applications close to the harvest time for a specific RAC, the PHI must be in specific days/hours after the last application and be clearly described in the study protocol)... 

OPPTS 860.1500, p. 16, indicates that 3-5 sampling points should be included in the decline trials. For applications close to the normal harvest time, the RAC may be harvested at selected intervals between the time of final application and a normal harvest or slightly delayed harvest. If the application is made long before the normal harvest, then representative plant tissues (including immature RAC) may need to be harvested in order to stretch the harvest period. A single composite sample is all that is required from each selected time point, but two or more samples may be harvested to reduce uncertainty about the actual amount of residue present at each sample time interval. These decline samples should be collected and treated the same as normal RAC samples. The samples should be frozen as soon as possible after collection. The instructions for decline sample collection and handling described in the protocol should be followed closely. 

Soybean dry matter production. The results of this bioassay are shown in Table II. The relative relationships of the different treatments were essentially the same for weeks four, eight, and twelve, so the results shown are mean values over all three harvest times. Values shown for fruit are means of weeks eight and twelve, since no fruit was produced at week four. Xanthlum significantly reduced both nodule dry weight and stem dry weight. However, neither fruit dry weight nor the total dry... 

In the eastern United States apples of the Delicious variety treated 10 days prior to harvest with pure gamma isomer showed no trace of off-flavor at harvest time. Dusts and sprays applied to carrot seedlings produced no traces of off-flavor in the mature vegetables. Several tasters could not differentiate between peaches sprayed within a few days of harvest and check fruit. Celery in Florida sprayed twice, once within 6 weeks of harvest and once within 30 days of harvest, was canned and put through a severe series of tests. 

A sample of hops which had been treated with tetraethyl pyrophosphate showed a negative chemical analysis. The plant material was also extracted and the extract added to the drinking water of test animals and sensitive insects. The animals and insects that drank this treated water for several days showed no reaction. With the sensitive insects it would have been possible to detect even a few parts per million. In addition, there have been extensive commercial field applications of the chemical in dust and spray form to crops such as apples, pears, grapes, celery, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and others up to within a few days of harvest there has been no detectable poison residue on any of the crops. The lack of poison residue with use of tetraethyl pyrophosphate is due to the fact that it hydrolyzes within a few hours of application, breaking down into transient nonresidual and nonpoisonous chemicals. Thus it is possible to use tetraethyl pyrophosphate well up to harvest time of food products without danger of residual poison on crops. The fact that the chemical is used in extremely small amounts is a definite advantage in respect to freedom from poison residue. 

Although parathion has not been recommended to date for insect control on soft fruits, there are indications that some injurious insects may be controlled by applications of parathion. Experimental sprays of 1 pound of the 25% wettable powder per 100 gallons of water were applied to soft fruits to determine the amount of parathion residue that would remain on the surface at harvest time. The parathion residue at harvest time is presented in Table I. 

Table I. Parathion Residue on Surface of Soft Fruits at Harvest Time...

Cover sprays, at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 4 pounds of the 25% wet-table parathion powder per 100 gallons of water, were applied to Delicious apples. These sprays were applied on June 7, July 2, and August 3. The residue samples were selected at harvest time and held in cold storage (32° F.) for a period of time and then analyzed. The elapsed period of time between spraying and analysis was 90 days. The results are presented in Table IV. 

The parathion residue at harvest time resulting from a program of 0.5 to 1 pound of 25% wettable powder applied 45 to 60 days before harvest could be expected to be 0.10 p.p.m. or less. The application of sprays with a concentration in excess of 0.5 to 1 pound (25%) would result in no measurable increase in insect control, waste of materials, and higher parathion spray residues. 

Three times during the summer and autumn of 1939, in secret meetings, Hitler had set the exact date for the attack on Poland. Since industrialists would not march, or negotiate with "the enemy," or concern themselves with the tactical value of invading at harvest time, no industrialist went to those three meetings. Only a few of Hitler s top military and political advisors were there. These were the men found guilty at the Goering trial. 

The nitrogen content of the various crop species and their parts exhibits a wide range of variation from 0.2- 4% (Table 5.9). It depends not only on the species and on the harvest time, but also on the fertilisation rate. This is known for conventional crops (Mollers 2000) and was confirmed for energy crops too (Scholz et al. 1999, 2004a). Depending on the species, the application of e.g. 150 kg N ha-1 causes an average absolute increase in the N content by 0.1-0.3%. 

When an exogenous activation system is employed, short treatments (about 2 h) are usually necessary because S9 mix is often cytotoxic when used for extended lengths of time. However, cells may be treated with chemicals either continuously up to harvest time or for a short time followed by washing and addition of fresh medium to allow cell cycle progression. Continuous treatment avoids centrifugation steps... 

Very few of the references in Tables 1-3 attempt any quantitative modelling of their NMR data in terms of cell microstructure or composition. Such models would be extremely useful in choosing the optimum acquisition pulse sequences and for rationalising differences between sample batches, varieties and the effects of harvesting times and storage conditions. The Numerical Cell Model referred to earlier is a first step in this direction but more realistic cell morphologies could be tackled with finite element and Monte Carlo numerical methods. 

Sow under fleece or ultra-fine mesh. Some crops can be uncovered once established Chinese cabbage, radish, and arugula may need to be covered until harvest time. 

This fungal disease overwinters on infected potato tubers, surviving plants, and any plants growing from potatoes left in the ground at harvest time. It spreads rapidly to new crops in warm, damp weather. Spores are washed from leaves down into the soil by rain to infect potato tubers. 

It has been shown that radio frequency impedance (RFI) is an effective tool for moifitoring cell density and cell growth of bioprocesses. The fermentation process, quite complex, is oftentimes difficult to sample and monitor. The RFI measurement could detect cell viability of Escherichia coli during the fermentation, serving as a qualitative measure of the metabolic load of the cell, and thus provide an in situ indicator of the optimal harvesting times. 

FIGURE 8.4 The Bronson model of priming pheromone actions in rodents. Chemical signaling between males and females constitutes a feedback mechanism that results in accelerated maturation and reproduction. This, in turn, permits the mice to adjust their reproduction and population size quickly to respond to environmental conditions such as sudden food abundance at harvest time. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone PRL, prolactin. Stimulation and inhibition are marked by - - and —, respectively. (From Bronson and Coquelin, 1980.)... 

The BioView sensor includes a software package (CAMO ASA, Norway) for data analysis and on-Une estimation of different bioprocess variables simultaneously. Thus, the instrument is able to predict the trends of the concentration courses of different variables during a cultivation and is used to give information about important process steps (e.g., feeding time, harvesting time, etc.). The instrument is able to monitor on-line several fluorophores in situ and non-invasively during cultivation processes and permits an estimation of different bioprocess variables simultaneously. The increasing of cell mass concentration and the product formation as well as the actual metabolic state of the cells is simultaneously detectable by this fluorescence technique. 

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