Harvest operation

Less mechanization is used on smaller tracts of individually owned land, where the terrain is mountainous or otherwise difficult to reach, or where thinning as opposed to clear-cutting is the preferred silvicultural practice. The harvesting operation maybe done by the landowner or small contractor using chainsaws and tractors. In some operations where minimal damage to the forest is critical, horses may be used. Sale of pulpwood to the mill operation is usually through dealers. 

Plotto, A., Turmeric post-production management for improved market access for herbs and spices. Compendium on post-harvest operations, http //www.fao.org. 

DFR studies are designed and conducted to describe the decline profile of the active ingredient on foliage and/or soil surfaces when applications are made at the proposed label rate. These surfaces are limited to those which can be touched or disturbed by workers and from which residues can be dislodged, deposited on human skin and clothing, or inhaled during the performance of field work and harvesting operations. 

The usable cooling energy content of the cubic meter of ice is about 100 kWh. Therefore, the cost avoidance based on Canadian commercial electricity rates was about 5- 50 per cubic meter of ice. Farmers pay about 25 per cubic meter for delivered ice used in harvesting operations. Fishermen pay about 10 per cubic meter for ice made in large quantifies, and cube ice sold primarily in summer for chilling of drinks sells for an equivalent of about 200 per cubic meter. Cost considerations led to an initial cost goal of 120 (1979 ) per cubic meter of ice [11],... 

Harvesting operations are moving away from virgin forests, and there is an increasing reliance upon plantations as a source of industrial timber, although the development of such plantations is relatively recent. According to the FAO (2001), half of all established plantations are less than 20 years old. It is predicted that future increases in wood demand will be met largely from plantations. 

Some stripper harvesters are equipped with onboard cleaners that have cleaning effectiveness of up to 50 percent. Their cleaning effectiveness depends, however, on machine adjustment and on other factors not yet identified. In one test, big differences in cleaning performance have been shown to exist between identical harvesters operating under Identical field conditions (2. This study is continuing and should lead to improved stripper-mounted cleaner performance. 

Unit operations for biological products obtained from fermentation or cell culture can largely be subdivided into four parts medium preparation, inoculums expansion, bioreactor, and harvest operations. 

Any real application of pipeline transport of biomass from a field location (as opposed to mill residue) will normally require an initial truck haul to get the biomass to the pipeline inlet. This means that the fixed costs associated with both truck and pipeline transport are incurred. Thus, e.g., truck hauling of 2 million dry t/yr of biomass to a pipeline inlet at an average haul distance of 35 km (1), as might occur in a whole-forest harvest operation, with further transport of biomass by one- or two-way pipeline would have cost curves as shown in Fig. 3. The alternative of transport by truck alone is shown by the dashed line in Fig. 3. 

Increased efficiency of most cultural and harvesting operations because of complete mechanization. 

There are several sources of available wood residues from conventional logging opearations that are normally not utilized on a commercial basis. A large volume of material can be derived from tops, branches, leaves, roots, stumps, etc. which are usually left on the forest floor following a typical saw log han/esting operation. This material can represent from 35 to 45 percent of the volume, and therefore the energy content, of a tree. It can be chipped in the forest as an adjunct to a normal harvesting operation. Removal of some of this waste material can reduce forest fire risk and enhance wild life habitat. Non-commercial species of trees are also available for fuel. These include... 

Minimum parcel size for the harvesting operation was assumed to be 50 acres. This is a very conservative estimate since many harvesting operations take place on holdings below 30 acres in size. 

Model Number 1 — Traditional Round Wood- This model exemplifies many small wood harvesting operations and consists of two men and one skidder. One man is responsible for felling and cutting the tree to... 

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