Harmonic imaging

Even without detailed modeling, it can be said that the attractive and repulsive interactions change the motion of the cantilever away from the simple sinusoidal motion of free resonance. By Fourier s theorem, any such altered motion can be broken down into the basic fundamental 

Some of the harmonic resonance approaches may be alternatives to chemical force micros- 

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Smolyaninov I P, Zayats A V and Davis C C 1997 Near-field second-harmonic imaging of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials Opt. Lett. 22 1592-4... 

Fig. 11. Fundamental and harmonic imaging In the fundamental imaging mode (a), a narrow-band pulse of ultrasound (US) centered at a given frequency (e.g., 2.5 MHz) is emitted the sound reflected by the organs is used to create the image, (b) Microbubbles, because they are extremely compressible in comparison to organ tissue, not only reflect sound more efficiently than tissues but also emit harmonics. In the harmonic mode, the signal from the tissues is filtered out, leaving only the harmonics, resulting in specific imaging of the bubbles [37].

Both, M., Vogel, M., Friedrich, O., von Wegner, F., Kunsting,T.,Fink, R. H. A., and Uttenweiler, D. 2004. Second harmonic imaging of intrinsic signals in muscle fibers in situ. J. Biomed. Opt. 9 882-92. 

Cox, G., and Feijo, J. 2004. Second harmonic imaging of plant polysaccharides. Proc. SPIE 5323 335-342. Microscopy in the biomedical sciences IV. 

Campagnola, P. J. 2003. Second-harmonic imaging microscopy for visualizing biomolecular arrays in cells, tissues and organisms. Nature Biotechnology 21 1356-60. 

Becker, D., Strobel, D., Hahn, E.G. Tissue harmonic imaging and contrast harmonic imaging. Improving the diagnosis of liver metastasis. Internist 2000 41 17-23... 

Zheng, R.Q., Zhou, R, Kudo, M. Hepatocellular carcinoma with nodule-in-nodule appearance Demonstration by contrast-enhanced coded phase inversion harmonic imaging. Intervirology 2004 47 184-190... 

Cox G, Kable E (2006) Second-harmonic imaging of collagen. Methods Mol Biol 319 15-39... 

Gannaway JN, Sheppard CJR (1978) 2nd-Harmonic imaging in scanning optical microscope. Opt Quant Electron 10 43. -139... 

Fig. 2. A schematic drawing of the second harmonic imaging experiment and apparatus. KG-1 and 7-54 are coloured glass filters. The 266 nm signal follows the path through the 7-54 filter and the probe beam follows the path through the neutral density filters (ND)...

Tanaka S, Oshikawa 0, Sasaki T, loka T, Tsukuma H (2000) Evaluation of tissue harmonic imaging for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions. Ultrasound Med Biol 26 183-187... 

Figure 4 3D image of rabbit right kidney after injection of 0.1 ml kg" ST44 agent. Harmonic image, 3.3 MHz transmit, 6.6 MHz receive. Experiments performed in collaboration with Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Department of Radiology. 

Ultrasound contrast media have been used for the detection of hypervascularisation (Incesu et al. 2004). Harmonic imaging is presently the standard technique in the abdomen. The main advantage is the... 

While a 3-4 MHz curved array scanner is used for routine screening for gastric cancers, detailed examination including the evaluation of wall stratification should be performed with a high-frequency (5-9 MHz) linear probe for its superior spatial resolution. Tissue harmonic imaging is also recommended to reduce noises such as side lobe artifacts (Laing and Kurtz 1982). 

Intestinal hyperaemia is a sign of active disease in the inflamed intestine, which can be detected by Doppler sonography. Tissue motion artefacts (peristalsis) sometimes make the assessment difficult, but visualisation of vessels by using contrast harmonic imaging at a low MI is not restricted by peristalsis (Fig. 20.1). 

Meairs S, Daffertshofer M, Neff W et al (2000) Pulse-inversion contrast harmonic imaging ultrasonographic assessment of cerebral perfusion. Lancet 355 550-551 Mulvagh SL, DeMaria AN, Feinstein SB et al (2000) Contrast echocardiography current and future applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 331-342... 

Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M et al (2003) Role of early ultrasound in detecting inflammatory intestinal disorders and identifying their anatomical location within the bowel. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 1009-1016 Plikat K, Klebl F, Buchner C et al (2004) Evaluation of intestinal hyperaemia in inflamed bowel by high resolution contrast harmonic imaging (CHI). Ultraschall Med 25 257-262 Rapaccini GL, Pompili M, Orefice R et al (2004) Contrast-enhanced power Doppler of the intestinal wall in the evaluation of patients with Crohn s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 39 188-194... 

Schlottmann K, Fuchs-Koewel B, Demmler-Hackenberg M et al (2005a) High-frequency contrast-harmonic imaging of ophthalmic tumor perfusion. Am J Roentgenol 184 574-578... 

Jiang, P., Mao, Z., and Lazenby, J. (1998), A New Tissue Harmonic Imaging Scheme with Better Fundamental Frequency Cancellation and Higher Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Proceedings, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. 

Gain and power settings should be optimized so that all structures of the penis are appreciable. Harmonic imaging and 3D reconstruction techniques can be used, if available, but they are not mandatory for the diagnosis even though they can offer a more detailed image of the small post-cavernosal arteries, which are frequently compromised in subjects with diabetes or systemic arterial disease. 

Thomas JD, Rubin DN (1998) Tissue harmonic imaging why does it work J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11 803-808 Thuroff JW, Frohneberg D (1986) Embryologie. In Hohenfellner R, Thuroff JW, Schulte-Wissermann H (eds) Kinderurologie in Klinik und Praxis. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, pp 1-17... 

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