Biomolecular arrays

Campagnola, P. J. 2003. Second-harmonic imaging microscopy for visualizing biomolecular arrays in cells, tissues and organisms. Nature Biotechnology 21 1356-60. 

Blawas AS, Oliver TF, Pirrung MC et al (1998) Step-and-repeat photopatteming of protein features using caged/biotin-BSA characterization and resolution. Langmuir 14 4243 250 Conrad DW, Golightley SK, Bart JC (1998) Photoactivatable o-nitrobenzyl polyethylene glycol-silane for the production of patterned biomolecular arrays. US Patent 5,773,308... 

The construction of biomolecular arrays by two photohthographic methods was carried out by Chrisey and co-workers [39] for the formation of patterned... 

Biomolecular arrays can be generated by the print-and-peel method [96]. Here, first an ink-jet printer is aligned to a parylene template with nanoscale openings. After printing, the parylene is peeled off to reveal uniformly patterned nanoscale features. Combinatorial nanoarrays can be patterned by performing a second print run superimposed over the first print. 

Tan CP, Cipriany BR, Lin DM, Craighead HG. Nanoscale resolution, multicomponent biomolecular arrays generated by aligned printing with parylene peel-off. Nano Lett 2010 10(2) 719-25. 

Yamashita demonstrated the use of a biomolecular array for structure transcription (Fig. 17). A Langmuir monolayer of ferritin, which is composed of 24 self-assembled peptide subunits and is capable of including iron oxide. 

A biomolecular system of glycoproteins derived from bacterial cell envelopes that spontaneously aggregates to form crystalline arrays in the mesoscopic range is reviewed in Chapter 9. The structure and features of these S-layers that can be applied in biotechnology, membrane biomimetics, sensors, and vaccine development are discussed. 

They form the building blocks of biomolecular computers that maintain homeostasis in cells that carry out a complex array of metabohc processes that must be regulated in response to a broad spectmm of environmental factors. 

M. (2006) Ahgned silver nanorod arrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Nanotechnology, 17, 2(>70-2(>74, (b) Lu, Y, Liu, G.L., Kim, J., Mejia, Y.X. and Lee, L.P. (2005) Nanophotonic crescent moon structures with sharp edge for ultrasensitive biomolecular detection by local electromagnetic field enhancement effect Nano Letters, 5, 119-124 ... 

Lyotropic lamellar (La) liquid crystals (LC), in a form of vesicle or planar membrane, are important for membrane research to elucidate both functional and structural aspects of membrane proteins. Membrane proteins so far investigated are receptors, substrate carriers, energy-transducting proteins, channels, and ion-motivated ATPases [1-11], The L liquid crystals have also been proved useful in the two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins[12, 13], in the fabrication of protein micro-arrays[14], and biomolecular devices[15]. Usefulness of an inverted cubic LC in the three-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins has also been recognized[16]. 

In this chapter, we have attempted to describe broadly the advantages available from the use of planar nanophotonic devices as biomolecular detectors. We have reviewed the state of the art in these devices and described a few technical challenges involved in improving these devices. In the context of these challenges, we have introduced our Nanoscale Optofluidic Sensor Arrays which represents our attempt to address them. 

Ex situ (also known as spotted or printed) arrays have become very popular formats, especially for the building of custom noncommercial arrays used primarily by academic laboratories [see Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (ABRF) surveys on microarrays atwww.abrf.org]. The printed cDNA microarray was largely developed from gene expression work originating in the laboratories of RO. Brown and R.W. Davis at Stanford University (Schena et al., 1995). Plans for the construction of the microarrayer and split pin designs were available at the Brown lab website at http //cmgm.stanford.edu/ pbrown/mguide/index.html. This enabled researchers to prepare their own microarrays appropriate for their particular experiments. 

The fabrication of regular arrays of metallic nanoparticles by molecular templating is of great interest in order to prepare nanometre structures for future use in nanoelectronics, optical and chemical devices.43 A sensitive, rapid and powerful direct analytical method is required for the quantitative analysis of high purity platinum or palladium nanoclusters produced by biomolecular... 

Time-resolved RET is capable of very sensitive detection of DNA hybridization. With a lanthanide chelate as the donor and an organic fluorophore like tetramethylrhodamin as the acceptor, time-resolved measurements can indicate the hybridization by strong changes in the intensity decay of the donor [186]. The development of new dyes for time-resolved RET with improved properties still is a major task [187,188]. But, so far, the detection of biomolecular interactions by time-resolved RET has not entered real applications in the DNA or protein array market. 

Four different aryldiazonium salts have been used to functionalize SWCNTs through electrochemical reduction. By XPS and Raman diffusion measurements, the growth of aryl chains on the sidewalls of the nanotubes was observed [178]. Electrically addressable biomolecular functionalization of SWCNT electrodes and vertically aligned carbon nanofiber electrodes with DNA was achieved by elec-trochemically addressing (reduction) of nitrophenyl substituted nanotubes and nanofibers. Subsequently, the resulting amino functions were covalently linked to DNA forming an array of DNA-CNT hybrid nanostructures (Scheme 1.28) [179],... 

Soil is a highly complex, highly variable biomolecular sieve with an array of physical and chemical properties. The physical properties include ... 

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