Hand roughing

The most delicate part of the pH-meter is the glass electrode which may crack or break, if handed roughly or may dry up when left out of water for a long period. Under such situation... 

The peculiarity of Fig. 5d is that the irregular shape exists also under local equilibrium conditions. On the other hand rough interfaces can also be prepared under nonequilibrium conditions. This was demonstrated by quickly varying the surface pressure and observing domain developnient /23,24/. Thus fractal structures can be prepared and quantitatively be described within the concept of constitutional supercooling /24/. There the diffusion of impurities (impeding domain growth) from the interface is needed for... 

A piping system can be evaluated for its displacement and stress either by manual methods (charts, tables, hand calculation) or computerized solution. The latter has become the standard approach desktop and laptop computers can handle all but the most compHcated problems. Manual methods are used only for rough estimates on very simple systems. 

Years of development have led to a standardized system for objective evaluation of fabric hand (129). This, the Kawabata evaluation system (KES), consists of four basic testing machines a tensile and shear tester, a bending tester, a compression tester, and a surface tester for measuring friction and surface roughness. To complete the evaluation, fabric weight and thickness are determined. The measurements result in 16 different hand parameters or characteristic values, which have been correlated to appraisals of fabric hand by panels of experts (121). Translation formulas have also been developed based on required levels of each hand property for specific end uses (129). The properties include stiffness, smoothness, and fullness levels as well as the total hand value. In more recent years, abundant research has been documented concerning hand assessment (130—133). 

Because many kinds of features have steep sides, tip imaging is a common plague of SFM imj es. One consolation is that the height of the feature will be reproduced accurately as long as the tip touches bottom between features. Thus the roughness statistics remain fairly accurate. The lateral dimensions, on the other hand, can provide the user with only an upper bound. 

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