Halides, aryl reaction with halide ions

Separation of the p-nitro-substituted aryl halide and reaction with phenoxide ion complete the synthesis. 

Examples of the three mechanistic types are, respectively (a) hydrolysis of diazonium salts to phenols89 (b) reaction with azide ion to form aryl azides90 and (c) reaction with cuprous halides to form aryl chlorides or bromides.91 In the paragraphs that follow, these and other synthetically useful reactions of diazonium intermediates are considered. The reactions are organized on the basis of the group that is introduced, rather than on the mechanism involved. It will be seen that the reactions that are discussed fall into one of the three general mechanistic types. 

The nickel-catalyzed transformation of aromatic halides into the corresponding nitriles by reaction with cyanide ions is reported. Both tris(triarylphosphine)nickel(0) complexes and tY2ins-chloro( aryl )bis( triarylphosphine )nickel(II) complexes catalyze the reaction. The influence of solvents, organophos-phines, and substituents on the aromatic nucleus on catalytic cyanation is studied. A mechanism of the catalytic process is suggested based on the study of stoichiometric cyanation of ti3ins-chloro(aryl)bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel-(II) complexes with NaCN and the oxidative addition reaction of Ni[P(C6H5)3]s with substituted aryl halides. 

Displacement reactions with nitrite ion do not work well with aryl halides. However, displacement of the diazonium group is a practical route to nitroarenes (the Sandmeyer reaction), as described in Section 23-10B ... 

In the presence of an electron rich donor molecule an alternative to direct fission or reaction via an excimer is the formation of an exciplex or radical anion/radical cation ion pair (Eq. 2). The radical anion has been viewed as the key intermediate which undergoes fission to aryl radical and halide ion (Eq. 3). With polyhaloarenes there is an additional option. A polychloroarene radical anion, for example, has two possible modes for bond fission (a) fission to produce aryl radical and chloride ion or (b) fission to form an aryl carbanion and chlorine atom (Scheme 6). The options for fragmentation of a haloarene radical anion... 

Aryl halides are inert to reaction with cyanide ion under normal Sn2 conditions (chap. 2, sec. 2.11), but they do reaet when heated with cuprous salts like cuprous cyanide (CuCN). Reaction of 1-bromonaphthalene (13) with CuCN at 202°C gave an 89% yield of the aryl nitrile (14). This transformation is called the Rosenmund-von Braun reaction and can be applied to a wide range of aryl halides. The aryl nitriles produced can be used in a variety of reactions. This transformation does not work when potassium or sodium cyanide is used. An amine base is usually added to facilitate the reaction. 

Primary halides (and some secondary cases) may be oxidized directly to carbonyl compounds by reaction with chromate ion, either in the presence of crown compounds, or with the chromate associated with a polymer matrix. Reduction of low molecular weight halides to hydrocarbons has been reported in superacid media [e.g. HF-TaFs), and a hydride transfer pathway is suggested. Allyl iodides may be reduced with triphenylphosphonium hydriodide (equation 10), but acid sensitive groups may not survive these conditions. Vinylic and aryl halides are converted into the parent hydrocarbons by reaction with Grignard reagents and a catalytic quantity of manganese salts a reaction mechanism has been proposed. 

The first step in the reaction of an alkyl aryl ether with a hydrogen halide is pro tonation of oxygen to form an alkylaryloxonium ion... 

Nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ion (Sections 8.1, 8.13) Cyanide ion is a good nucleophile and reacts with alkyl halides to give nitriles. The reaction is of the S m2 type and is limited to primary and secondary alkyl halides. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo elimination aryl and vinyl halides do not react. 

A number of approaches have been tried for modified halo-de-diazoniations using l-aryl-3,3-dialkyltriazenes, which form diazonium ions in an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (see Sec. 13.4). Treatment of such triazenes with trimethylsilyl halides in acetonitrile at 60 °C resulted in the rapid evolution of nitrogen and in the formation of aryl halides (Ku and Barrio, 1981) without an electron transfer reagent or another catalyst. Yields with silyl bromide and with silyl iodide were 60-95%. The authors explain the reaction as shown in (Scheme 10-30). The formation of the intermediate is indicated by higher yields if electron-withdrawing substituents (X = CN, COCH3) are present. In the opinion of the present author, it is likely that the dissociation of this intermediate is not a concerted reaction, but that the dissociation of the A-aryl bond to form an aryl cation is followed by the addition of the halide. The reaction is therefore mechanistically not related to the homolytic halo-de-diazoniations. 

One of the best methods for the introduction of iodine into aromatic rings is the reaction of diazonium salts with iodide ions. Analogous reactions with chloride, bromide, and fluoride ions give poorer results, and 14-25 and 13-20 are preferred for the preparation of aryl chlorides, bromides, and fluorides. However, when other diazonium reactions are carried out in the presence of these ions, halides are usually side products. Aniline has also been converted to fluorobenzene by treatment with t-BuONO and Sip4 followed by heating. A related reaction between PhN=N—N C4Hg and iodine gave iodobenzene. ... 

Aryl Halides from Diazonium Ion Intermediates. Replacement of diazonium groups by halides is a valuable alternative to direct halogenation for the preparation of aryl halides. Aryl bromides and chlorides are usually prepared by a reaction using the appropriate Cu(I) salt, which is known as the Sandmeyer reaction. Under the classic conditions, the diazonium salt is added to a hot acidic solution of the cuprous halide.99 The Sandmeyer reaction occurs by an oxidative addition reaction of the diazonium ion with Cu(I) and halide transfer from a Cu(III) intermediate. 

Good yields of chlorides have also been obtained for reaction of isolated diazonium tetrafluoroborates with FeCl2-FeCl3 mixtures.100 It is also possible to convert anilines to aryl halides by generating the diazonium ion in situ. Reaction of anilines with alkyl nitrites and Cu(II) halides in acetonitrile gives good yields of aryl chlorides and bromides.101... 

Palladium(II) is one of the most important transition metals in catalytic oxidations of allenes [1], Scheme 17.1 shows the most common reactions. Transformations involving oxidative addition of palladium(O) to aryl and vinyl halides do not afford an oxidized product and are discussed in previous chapters. The mechanistically very similar reactions, initiated by nucleophilic attack by bromide ion on a (jt-allene)pal-ladium(II) complex, do afford products with higher oxidation state and are discussed below. These reactions proceed via a fairly stable (jt-allyl)palladium intermediate. Mechanistically, the reaction involves three discrete steps (1) generation of the jt-allyl complex from allene, halide ion and palladium(II) [2] (2) occasional isomeriza-... 

The relative reactivities of the enolate ions of acetophenone and 2-acetylnaphthalene towards phenyl radicals have been explored in order to determine their suitability as electron donor initiatiors of 5 rnI reactions of enolate ions of 2-acetylthiophene and 2-acetyl fiiran with aryl halides Phl. ... 

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