Oxidation halide

A number of halide oxides are formed by sulphur and selenium but only one is considered here. 

Ternary alkali-metal halide oxides are known and have the expected structures. Thus Na3C10 and the yellow K3BrO have the aqti-perovskite structure (p. 963) whereas Na4Br20, Na4l20 and K4Br20 have the tetragonal anti-K2NiF4 structure. 

The ionic model describes a number of metal halides, oxides, and sulfides, but it does not describe most other chemical substances adequately. Whereas substances such as CaO, NaCl, and M 2 behave like simple cations and anions held together by electrical attraction, substances such as CO, CI2, and HE do not. In a crystal of Mgp2, electrons have been transferred from magnesium atoms to fluorine atoms, but the stability of HE molecules arises from the sharing of electrons between hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms. We describe electron sharing, which is central to molecular stability, in Chapters 9 and 10. 

Halogenating Agents In situ halide oxidation by mammalian white blood cells, fungi, and aquatic plants Stabilized Hypohalous Acids... 

A review28 describes compounds of the Pt-group metals including halide, oxide, sulfide, coordination compounds, organometallic compounds, and metal cluster compounds. 

Typical solid-state systems like alloys, polynary halides, oxides, and higher chalcogenides (e.g., semi- and superconductors), and so on, are not included in this context. 

See Potassium Non-metal halides, and Sodium Non-metal halides Oxidants... 

Phosphonium iodide See Phosphonium iodide Oxidants See other metal halides, oxidants... 

See Other AMIALOGEN COMPOUNDS, NON-METAL HALIDES, OXIDANTS... 

See other NON-METAL HALIDES, oxidants, xenon compounds... 

Mixtures of inorganic oxygenated compounds (halide oxides or oxide sulfides) or oxygen-rich organic compounds (alkyl oxalates) with sodium (or its alloy with potassium) are shock-sensitive explosives. 

Metal halides, oxides, and nitrides Bent s rule for transition metals... 

Main-group elements X such as monovalent F, divalent O, and trivalent N are expected to form families of transition-metal compounds MX (M—F fluorides, M=0 oxides, M=N nitrides) that are analogous to the corresponding p-block compounds. In this section we wish to compare the geometries and NBO descriptors of transition-metal halides, oxides, and nitrides briefly with the isovalent hydrocarbon species (that is, we compare fluorides with hydrides or alkyls, oxides with alkylidenes, and nitrides with alkylidynes). However, these substitutions also bring in other important electronic variations whose effects will now be considered. 

The tin hydrides are usually prepared by reduction of a tin halide, oxide, or alkoxide with a metal hydride such as NaBH4, LiAlH4, or poly(methylhydrosiloxane) [(MeHSiO) (PMHS)]. 

Endohedral doping (encapsulation) of other materials within carbon nanostructures can be carried out by nano-capillary effects or during synthesis (Fig. 4.3(b)). A great variety of halides, oxides, metals and alloys have been encapsulated within CNTs [36-41]. When transition metals are encapsulated, the entire sample can exhibit high magnetic coercivities ca. 0.22 T [42,43]. The encapsulation of C60 molecules can also be accomplished and if the material is heat treated at high temperatures... 

Above all, the discovery that some organometallic compounds are effective in the synthesis of high molecular weight PCL [7] promoted a renewed interest in the ROP of lactones, particularly with alkyl metals, metal halides, oxides, car-boxylates, and alkoxides. These metal compounds were first classified as anionic... 

Two different mechanisms have been proposed for the ROP of (di)lactones depending on the nature of the organometalhc derivatives. Metal halides, oxides, and carboxylates would act as Lewis acid catalysts in an ROP actually initiated with a hydroxyl-containing compound, such as water, alcohol, or co-hydroxy acid the later would result more hkely from the in-situ hydrolysis of the (di)lac-tone [11]. Polymerization is assumed to proceed through an insertion mechanism, the details of which depends on the metal compound (Scheme la). The most frequently encountered Lewis acid catalyst is undoubtedly the stannous 2-ethylhexanoate, currently referred to as stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2). On the other hand, when metal alkoxides containing free p-, d-, or f- orbitals of a favo-... 

Table 4.3 Energy of Schottky and Frenkel equilibria in halides, oxides, and sulfides. (1) Kroger (1964) (2) Barr and Liliard (1971) (3) Greenwood (1970). ...

For comparative purposes, table 4.3 lists defect energies (enthalpies) of Schottky and Frenkel processes in halides, oxides, and sulfides. The constant Kq appearing in the table is the preexponential factor (see section 4.7) raised to a power of 1/2. 

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