Oxygen, elemental oxidizing halides

Phosphoms shows a range of oxidation states from —3 to +5 by virtue of its electronic configuration. Elemental P is oxidized easily by nonmetals such as oxygen, sulfur, and halides to form compounds such as 2 5 2 5 reduced upon reaction with metals to generate phosphides. The... 

Oxidizing elements such as oxygen, sulfur, and halides react with zinc at room temperature in the presence of moisture, but do not in its absence. At higher temperature, the reactions can be vigorous even when dry. Eor instance, a powdered mixture of zinc and sulfur explodes if warmed and zinc reacts... 

The (compositionally) simplest mineral class comprises the native elements, that is, those elements, either metals or nonmetals that occur naturally in the native state, uncombined with others. Native gold, silver, and copper, for example, are metals that naturally occur in a ductile and malleable condition, while carbon - in the form of either graphite or diamond -and sulfur are examples of nonmetallic native elements. Next in compositional complexity are the binary minerals composed of two elements a metal or nonmetallic element combined with oxygen in the oxides, with a halogen - either fluorine, chlorine bromine, or iodine - in the halides, or sulfur, in the sulfides. The oxide minerals, for example, are solids that occur either in a somewhat hard, dense, and compact form in mineral ores and in rocks, or as relatively soft, unconsolidated sediments that melt at moderate to... 

Oxidative UPD involves the oxidation of species to form an atomic layer where the precursor contains the element in a negative oxidation state. A classic example is the formation of oxide layers on Pt and Au, where water is oxidized to form atomic layers of oxygen. Halide adsorption can be thought of similarly, where a species such as I oxidatively adsorbs on a metal surface as the halide atom. In that case, a bulk film is not formed at more positive potentials, but the diatomic is generated and diffuses into solution. With respect to compound formation, oxidative UPD from a sulfide solution is a good example ... 

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