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Synthesis Haber-Bosch

In comparison to water photolysis [1,2] very little research has been directed at the photoreduction of carbon dioxide and at the photooxidation of carbon monoxide. There are several reasons why chemists should be interested in these two processes. CO2 is a natural and abundant raw material it is a major atmospheric pollutant, involved in the greenhouse effect which may ultimately affect the climate and the temperature of our planet [3]. CO is used in many important industrial processes e.g. carbonylation, hydroformylation, Fisher-Tropsch reactions, and it is one of the major contaminants of industrial gases produced during catalytic processes (e.g., Haber-Bosch synthesis of NH3[4]). There are also fundamental reasons for studying CO2 and CO activation. The former is an inert molecule with carbon in its highest oxidation state and therefore its activation is difficult to achieve. Carbon dioxide could either be reduced to... [Pg.217]

Ammonia is the basis for industrial fertilizer production and, therefore, the most important bulk chemical in the world. About one-quarter comes from coal gasification [1]. It is produced by the Haber-Bosch synthesis, which takes place at 90-180 bar and 400-530°C using the following reaction [28] ... [Pg.11]

But the admirably rapid German commercialization of Haber-Bosch synthesis was not followed by a similarly rapid conquest of the world fertilizer market. Synthesis of ammonia from its elements did not become the dominant means of providing fixed nitrogen for agriculture until almost two decades after Oppan s startup, nor did the commercial availability of the process lead to a rapid increase in average applications of nitrogen fertilizers during the first half of the twentieth centnry. [Pg.107]

Coke-based Haber-Bosch synthesis in Oppau initially needed more than 100 GJ/t NFls, and typical pre-World War II plants required around 85 GJ/t NH3 (fig. 6.12). During the 1950s natural gas-based synthesis with low-pressure reforming (0.5-1 MPa) and reciprocating compressors needed between 50-55 GJ/t NH3. In the early 1960s total energy consumption of a typical plant working with reformer pressure of 1 MPa and synthesis loop pressure of 35 MPa would have added up to around 45 GJ/t NH3. [Pg.129]

L). During the late 1990s Haber-Bosch synthesis supplied more than 99% of fixed inorganic nitrogen the tiny remainder (about 0.7%) comes mostly from Chilean nitrates and by-product ammonia from coke ovens (appendix L). ... [Pg.139]

About 85% of all nitrogen in food proteins available for human consumption (21 out of 24.5 Mt N) thus came—directly in plant foods or indirectly in animal products—from the world s cropland. And because synthetic nitrogen fertilizers provided about half (44-51%) of the nutrient in harvested crops, roughly 40% (37-43%) of the world s dietary protein supply in the mid-1990s originated in the Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia (fig. 8.1). But this global mean both overestimates and underestimates the degree of our dependence on the Haber-Bosch process because the... [Pg.157]

In 1996 low-income countries consumed 64% of the world s nitrogen fertilizers, which provided about 55% of the total nutrient supply reaching their fields. As no less than 92% of their food proteins were derived from crops, inorganic fertilizers supplied at least half of all nitrogen in their diets. This would be an equivalent of feeding no fewer than 2.2 billion people, or roughly 40% of the world s 1996 total population. These people now depend on the Haber-Bosch synthesis for what is, as we shall see shortly, still an insufficient source of their basic food needs, that is, for their very survival. An excellent confirmation of this conclusion can be obtained by an entirely different approach. [Pg.159]

In contrast to the United States, China has little room to reduce substantially its high dependence on nitrogen fertilizer. This dependence is overwhelmingly existential— to secure basic adequate nutrition for the conntry s more than 1.2 billion people— rather than a matter of economic choice or of a preferred diet as in the U.S. case. Origins of this recent dependence are closely connected with the most tragic period of China s modern history, and their recounting provides perhaps the most compelling illustration of the epochal difference made by the Haber-Bosch synthesis. [Pg.167]

Annual Totals of Ammonia Produced by Haber-Bosch Synthesis in Germany, 1913-... [Pg.233]

Global Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilizers and the Shares of Haber-Bosch Synthesis,... [Pg.233]

Global Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilizers and the Shares of Haber-Bosch Synthesis, 1910-2000 (Values, except for the last column. Are in kt N/Year)... [Pg.245]

If at least 37% of all nitrogen in today s global harvest comes from the Haber-Bosch synthesis, then a 10% reduction would lower this reliance to 33%. [Pg.303]


See other pages where Synthesis Haber-Bosch is mentioned: [Pg.76]    [Pg.76]    [Pg.432]    [Pg.239]    [Pg.10]    [Pg.793]    [Pg.70]    [Pg.237]    [Pg.53]    [Pg.145]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.159]    [Pg.160]    [Pg.161]    [Pg.170]    [Pg.172]    [Pg.175]    [Pg.176]    [Pg.177]    [Pg.178]    [Pg.180]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.204]    [Pg.204]    [Pg.206]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.221]    [Pg.221]    [Pg.316]    [Pg.354]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.239 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.10 ]




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