H-2D antigens

The data presented here demonstrate that lectins may be used to explore structural aspects of the carbohydrate moieties of specific cell surface bound antigens. Furthermore, it is suggested that the H-2D antigen possesses differences in the structure of the carbohydrate moieties which may reflect microheterogeneity due to the biosynthesis of only partial structures, differences in the number of sialic acid residues, the relationship of the carbohydrate chains to the specific antigenic determinants and/or major structural differences of the carbohydrate chains on different H—2D antigens. 

The binding sites for lipopolysaccharides on mouse lymphocytes have been identified as membrane proteins. Active fractions isolated by affinity chromatography from B cell membranes were identified as immunoglobulins, possibly IgM and IgD, whilst the histocompatibility-2 complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K, and la antigens) were found to be binding sites for lipopolysaccharides on both B and T cells. 

Posavad CM, Rosenthal KL (1992) Herpes simplex virus-infected human fibroblasts are resistant to and inhibit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. J Virol 66 6264-6272 Powis SJ, Townsend AR, Deverson EV. Bastin J. Butcher GW, Howard JC (1991) Restoration of antigen presentation to the mutant cell line RMA-S by an MHC-linked transporter. Nature 354 528- 531 Schumacher TN, Kantesaria DV, Serreze DV, Roopenian DC, Ploegh HL (1994) Transporters from H-2b, H-2d, H-2s, H-2k, and H-2g7 (NOD Lt) haplotype translocate similar sets of peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 13004 13008... 

All current data support this duplication hypothesis. These include detailed serological analyses skin grafting experiments , and an extensive series of experiments to directly test the postulate of serological cross-reactivity between the products of the H-2K and H-2D genes . Most importantly, further biochemical analyses of the H-2 antigens have entirely supported the hypothesis. 

One of the primary features of the mouse system is the cross-reactivity between the products of the H-2D and H-2K loci, which presumably reflects the common evolutionary origin of these loci. Until recently, almost all of the emphasis on HL-A cross-reactivity was placed on cross-reactivity between antigens of the same allelic series. However, evidence recently has been presented indicating that some anti-HL-A sera can cross-react with antigens determined by both loci . 

Yager and his group at the University of Washington have developed 2D paper networks for implementing Y or T sensor and H filter (Fig. 5.19) [107] chemical signal amplification [108], controlled reagent transport by modification of the channel strac-ture, width and position of source [109], malaria antigen detection [110], etc. 

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