Gum resin

Hydroxycoumarin [93-35-6] known as umbeUiferone, occurs naturally in gum resins of umbeUiferae and is an important coumatin metaboHte. It is readily manufactured from resorcinol and maleic or fumaric acid. UmbeUiferone and fymethylumbelliferone are used as fluorescent brighteners. 

This oiJ is usually obtained l>v distilling thi gum resin of Dojemn with water. I ei Sian ammonlacum is derived from this plant, hut a certain amount of ammouiscum from other sources is derived frotii Ferula species. The yield of oil is very small, usually about 3 per eent. The oil Las lbe following characters -... 

Schleim-faarz, n. gum resin, -haut, /. mucous membrane, mucosa. 

Methyl Acetone. Commercial product .a water-white, anhydr liq, consisting of various mixts of acet (45 to 65%), methyl acetate (20 to 30%) and methanol (20 to 40%). Density about 0.83g/cc, boiling range 50 to 70°, flash p near 0°F. Miscible with hydrocarbons, oils and w. Obtained as a by-product in the manuf of acet and methanol from wood distn, representing fractions which cannot be economically sepd. The mixt can be used as such, being an excellent solv and plasticizer for NC and other cellulose esters, such as the acetate. It also dissolves rubber, gums, resins, lacquers, paint and varnish Refs 1) T.H, Durrans, Solvents , Van-Nostrand, NY (1938), 122 2) CondChemDict... 

It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals as a low-boiling solvent for gums, resins, NC, etc it is also considered a candidate for use in fuel-air munitions Refs 1) Beil 17,6, (4) [12] 2) H. Moureu... 

Wright, M. and B. Wheals (1987), Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of natural gums, resins and waxes and its use for detecting such materials in ancient Egyptian cases, /. Appl. Pyrol. 11,195-211. 

B. Buchele, W. Zugmaier, T. Simmet, Analysis of pentacyclic triterpenic acids from frankin cense gum resins and related phytopharmaceuticals by high performance liquid chromatogra phy. Identification of lupeolic acid, a novel pentacyclic triterpene, Journal of Chromatography B, 791,21 30(2003). 

The first results encouraged the authors to analyse, by headspace SPME, substances mentioned in ancient texts or hieroglyphics as components of embalming fluids [true resins such as mastic, labdanum and pine resin or pine pitch and gum resins such as olibanum, myrrh and galbanum] [27, 28] with the aim of finding characteristic chemical compounds for each type of resin or gum resin. 

The major compounds extracted from labdanum were dihydrocinnamic acid (39), which is not found in other resins or gum resins and the relatively uncommon aromadendr-1 -ene (51) and ledene (61). Three minor diterpenes are also characteristic [40]. 

Figure 10.2 Total ion current chromatograms obtained for modern resins and gum resins after headspace SPME. Peak labels correspond to compound identification given in Table 10.1. Reproduced from S. Hamm, j. Bleton, A. Tchapla, j. Sep. Sci., 27, 235 243 (2004). Copyright Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KgaA. Reproduced with permission...

Table 10.1 Compounds trapped by headspace SPME from different resins, gum resins and archaeological samples, presented by Increasing retention indices, with the corresponding relative peak areas (%) for each substance... 

Frankincense, also called olibanum, is a natural oleo gum resin that exudes from incisions in the bark of Boswellia trees [46, 47]. Diterpenes like incensole or isoincensole and their oxide or acetate derivatives (see Figure 10.3) are characteristic biomarkers of olibanum [48]. Although diterpenoid hydrocarbons possessing the cembrane skeleton have been isolated from a variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, their occurrence and particularly that of cembrenes A and C (see Figure 10.3) is supplementary proof of the presence of olibanum in a sample. Optimisation of the SPME conditions was done with the aim of trapping these low volatile diterpenes. 

These results demonstrate clearly that headspace SPME/GC-MS is well adapted to the detection of volatile or semi-volatile terpenes from resins or gum resins. The method is rapid and simple. A moderate heating (80°C) of the sample allows the extraction of less volatile compounds such as particular diterpenes or diterpenoids which are more specific. 

A number of important resins are composed of triterpenoids, including the dammar resins which derive from a sub-family of the family Dipterocarpaceae. Dammar resins are fluid, balsamic oleoresins highly suited for caulking and waterproofing. Frankincense (olibanum) is known as a gum-resin collected from various Boswellia spp. and contains amyrin epimers and triterpenoid acids. The gum component is polysaccharide in origin and is water soluble. The Anacardiaceae family contains the genus Pistacia (Mills and White, 1977 21 Mills and White, 1989). 

Uses Manufacture of acetate rayon, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates, chloroacetic acid, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, vinyl acetate, plastics and rubbers in tanning laundry sour acidulate and preservative in foods printing calico and dyeing silk solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and other substances manufacture of nylon and fiber, vitamins, antibiotics and hormones production of insecticides, dyes, photographic chemicals, stain removers latex coagulant textile printing. 

Uses Solvent for cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, various gums, resins, waxes, oils textile printing lacquers dopes textile printing photographic film. 

Asadisulphide Resin Assafoetidnol A Rtf A079 Assafoetidnol B Rtf A079 Asaresinotannoid A Gum resin Asaresinotannoid B Gum resin Asaresinotannol A Gum ... 

Badrakemin acetate Gum resin Badrakemin Gum resin 1750FA019 Bis(3-methylthio-2E-propenyl) disulfide PJFA077... 

Antihypertensive effect. Water extract of the dried gum resin, administered intravenously to dogs at variable doses, was active " . 

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