Growth of industry

By 1900, other products from petroleum began to take on importance. Lubricants especially became prominent. This was due to the growth of industrialization in the United States, a shortage of naturally occurring lubricants (e.g., vegetable and whale oils), and an intense and creative marketing effort on the part of Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Trust. By 1910, Standard Oil Trust was also marketing coke and asphalt to a variety of manufacturers as well as the construction industry. 

However, the price of all these benefits has been high. The rapid growth of industry and agriculture, for instance, has stressed the Earth and damaged our inheritance. There is now widespread concern about the preservation of our extraordinary planet. It will be up to you and your contemporaries to draw on chemistry—in whatever career you choose—to build on what has already been achieved. Perhaps you will help to start a new phase of civilization based on new materials, just as semiconductors transformed society in the twentieth century. Perhaps you will help to reduce the harshness of the impact of progress on our environment. To do that, you will need chemistry. 

The growth of industrial scale biotransformation processes has increased significantly over recent years with more than 130 reported in 2002 [1]. Major activity is focussed on the production of chiral pharmaceuticals although a number of large scale industrial processes have been developed for the food and agricultural industries. 

Injection of wastes into the atmosphere from production and consumption activities results in pollution of the environment. In India, as elsewhere in the world especially Asia, uncontrolled growth of industries and population and consequent environmental deterioration are fast assuming menacing proportions and most of the cities of the world and a majority of the population are afflicted with this problem. 

Regulation alters this calculation by altering the payoffs to different classes of research. Although other examples surely can be cited, the one that comes immediately to mind is the explosive growth of industrial interest in the once obscure field of toxicology. 

Although this book covers most aspects of ceramics, most attention is paid to the period from approximately 1850 until now. This period is characterized by a rapid growth of industrial ceramics and a flourishing period for the type of ceramics which hardly used clay as a raw material, the co-called technical ceramics. The number of applications of ceramic materials in the period from 1850 until 2000 is much larger than in the entire ceramic history before 1850 (figure 2.5)... 

As government was at last bringing under control the pollution of air, water, and earth, there emerged yet another environmental problem, one that might dwarf others in its worldwide effects. This was the threat that the growth of industrial civilization would lead to global warming. 

The rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization and a significant increase in agricultural production in East Asia have caused a remarkable increase in SO2 and NOx emissions during the past several decades. The consequences of these growing emissions have been closely connected with enforced acidification loading on ecosystems and that results in actual and potential risk to many sensitive ecosystems. 

PCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which was approximately 200 ppm during the last glacial maximum (about 18 ka), 280 ppm prior to the growth of industry in the mid-1800 s, 365 ppm at the end of the twentieth century, and continues to rise as coal and oil are burned. 

The historical context of The Harder They Come stems from the outcome of the early-twentieth-centuries collapse of the su industry and the limited growth of industry in urban areas of Jamaica, from foreign, mostly American sources (Knight, 1990 287-95). This uneven development failed to incorporate the surplus labor in the countryside which increasingly felt closed in by corporate capital and a resurgent plantocracy (James,... 

The years between the two world wars saw spectacular growth of industrial research in all major industrialized countries. Besides enlarging in-house facilities for research and development, establishment of cooperative research institutions outside firms was one of the most widely used ways to organize scientific research and technical development." ... 

Besides growth of industrialization, we should also realize what the more powerful and far-reaching the benefits of a technology are, the most serious are the by-products of technologies misuse or failure. The more a forward-looking manufacturing process can bring about randomness, the further its products depart from thermal equilibrium, and the harder it is to reverse the process that... 

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