Growth INDEX

FIGURE 15.22 THE (fire load) plotted against the PHRR/fig, (fire growth index) for PP-g-MA and the corresponding 5 wt.% LS PP-g-MA nanocomposites (PP-g-MA/LS) at different irradiances 30, 50, and 70kW m-2. 

PA 66-GF is fairly constant, since the polymer is nearly completely combusted for all irradiances used, whereas the THE decreases most for the flame-retarded material at low irradiance, because the char formation is at the highest level. This effect diminishes with increasing irradiance. In the case of Pred in PA 66-GF, combustion is complete at the highest external heat flux, with or without flame retardant, so the THE is almost the same, but the fire growth index is almost halved. Conversely, at low irradiance, not only is the fire growth index reduced, but the THE is almost halved as well. The change in the fire scenario changes the effectiveness of Pred added to PA 66-GF in two of the most important fire properties. Pred in PA 66-GF works best for low external heat flux. Flammability tests like LOI and, much more important, UL 94, are fire scenarios with low external heat flux. 

The fire properties of PE-ZCHS nanocomposites can also be evaluated using fire indices derived from cone data. One fire index is PHRR divided by tig while the fire growth index (FIGRA) is defined as the PHRR divided by tPHRR (70). The values are shown in Table III. Only the 5% loading exhibits improvement on these scales. It is important to note that nanocomposite additives are not effective fire retardants by themselves and should be considered as candidates for formulations that include other additives (13) in order to optimize all fire-related properties. 

Fig. 3. Effects of lAA, NAA and 2,4-D on growth and alkaloid production. Roots were cultured in the dark for four weeks. The numbers in brackets represent growth index on a dry weight basis. Ban represent standard deviation of the mean, n=3.

Temperature Medium Morphology Growth index Sanguinarine (pg/g dry weight)... 

In WP medium, the best DT proliferation (growth index 24.5 in Table 24) and shoot development. Fig. (66), were observed, giving the third highest content of codeine (158 pg/g dry weight). Papaverine and noscapine were detected only in plantlets (shoots with root system). These results imply that alkaloid concentration and composition in MAFF clone 1 are greatly influenced by their morphology and the degree of plant development. For the accumulation of alkaloids, to some extent, establishment of the root system appears to be important. Morphine was not detectable in any of the cultures. 

Fig. 5.8 Tumor growth index (post-treatment volume divided by initial volume) for athymic mice implanted with 14-15 mm established s.c. MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer xenografts (A) or 10 mm non-established s.c. MDA-MB-468 breast cancer xenografts (B) at selected times (days) following treatment with five weekly s.c. doses of...

Tubulin polymerization inhibitor 1172 Tumor angiogenesis 1278 Tumor associated antigen (TAA) 183 Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72, 1276 Tumor cell, targeting markers on 1276 Tumor growth index 523 Tumor hypoxia, assessment of 1263 Tumor necrosis factor (TN F) 7, 80, 264,... 

We studied the antimicrobial properties [33] of three Fraxinus ornus bark extracts and their main components 1-4 against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida species, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the procedure of Heiss [34]. Evaluation of microbial growth on the contact surface was performed by measuring the Contact Growth Index (CGI). The crude extract (extract A) of the bark was separated into... 

Alternative Pathway Butylated Hydroxytoluene Butylated Hydroxyanisole Caffeoyl Ester Unit Contact Growth Index Classical Pathway Dichloroethane Influenza Virus A Glucose... 

Scopolamine production in a line selected from 750 hairy root cultures of Duboisia leichhardtii could reach 78 mg/liter (329). The maximum percentage of scopolamine detected in one of the cell lines was 2.1% (DW). In some cell lines some scopolamine was also found in the medium however, atropine levels in roots and media were low (0.07-0.82%). The growth index of the roots was found to depend on the inoculum size the larger the inoculum, the lower the growth index. 

Table 2 shows the kinetic parameters calculated for the bioreactor and the Erlenmeyer system [28], It is interesting to note that the growth index found in bioreactor cultures was a 36% higher than that reached in Erlenmeyer flask processes showing an improvement in the liquid-phase culture environment by the application of the modified bioreactor [47]. In this case, 6P-hydroxyhyoscyamine was also the predominant alkaloid (Table 2). 

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