INDEX growth kinetics

The different faces of a crystal grow at different rates under identical environmental conditions, as first demonstrated by Bentivoglio (1927). In general, the high index faces grow faster than the low. A fundamental assessment of the growth kinetics, therefore, must involve a study of the individual face growth rates. 

Growth and lysis kinetics Expansion index Esterase release... 

Several strategies were appUed to produce samples for TEM and kinetic studies [8, 21], but only one route is presented here (Fig. 15.3). Noble metal nanoparticles were grown via metal evaporation on a crystalline soluble substrate (e.g., NaCl(OOl)), leading to an epitaxial growth of particles with regular shape and well-developed low-Miller index facets (Fig. 15.3). Thereafter, the metal particles were embedded in a thin (25 nm) amorphous oxide fdm, before the metal-oxide system was lifted off the substrate via flotation in water [8, 18, 20, 31]. 

Where S, G, X, E and Enz are respectively the starch, glucose, cells, ethanol and enzyme concentrations inside the reactor, Si is the starch concentration on the feed, F is the feed flow rate, V is the volume of hquid in the fermentor and (pi, (p2, (ps represent the reaction rates for starch degradation, cells growth and ethanol production, respectively. The unstructured model presented in (Ochoa et al., 2007) is used here as the real plant. The ki (for i=l to 4) kinetic parameters of the model for control were identified by an optimization procedure given in Mazouni et al. (2004), using as error index the mean square error between the state variables of the unstructured model and the model for control. 

Other kinetics parameters of the monoclinic phase are more difficult to be related to molecular parameters. Additionally, their physical meaning is not straightforward with the exception of Avrami index n. This last, in principle, represents the dimensionality of the growth and the kind of nucleation. Experiments, however, rarely well correlate with a value of n in line with the dimensionality of the crystallization process under observation. 

Table 2 shows the kinetic parameters calculated for the bioreactor and the Erlenmeyer system [28], It is interesting to note that the growth index found in bioreactor cultures was a 36% higher than that reached in Erlenmeyer flask processes showing an improvement in the liquid-phase culture environment by the application of the modified bioreactor [47]. In this case, 6P-hydroxyhyoscyamine was also the predominant alkaloid (Table 2). 

---