Growth Hormone Carbohydrate metabolism

Ueki, L, S.L. Giesy, K.J. Harvatine, J.W. Kim, and Y.R. Boisclair, 2009. The acid-labile subunit is required for full effects of exogenous growth hormone on growth and carbohydrate metabolism. Endocrinology. 150,3145-3152. 

Somatotropin (STH) (Growth hormone, GH somatotrophic hormone hypophyseal growth hormone) Structure Known and synthesized coiled, unbranched Promotes general growth of organism Promotes skeletal growth, protein anabolism, fat metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, water, and salt meiabolism Relates with all vitamins in connection with growth actions... 

Sas T, Mulder P, Aanstoot HJ, Houdijk M, Jansen M, Reeser M, Hokken-Koelega A. Carbohydrate metabolism during long-term growth hormone treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001 54(2) 243-51. 

Morphological changes were also observed on callus of Pinus laricio cultured for 4 weeks with HS extracted from forest soil under Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica plantation or the hormones 2,4D, IAA, and 6BAP (Muscolo et al., 2005).The results showed that both high- and low-molecular-weight humic fractions inhibited callus growth compared to the control and affected the enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. 

Growth hormone (somatotropin) Protein, MW 21,OCX) Somatocrinin, peptide with 44 amino acids Somatostatin peptide with 14 amino acids and an S-S bond Bone growth affects carbohydrate, protein metabolism... 

GH has been shown to have many different metabolic effects. Which of these contribute directly to its growth-promoting activity is not clear. The hormone stimulates synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in a wide range of tissues. It has actions on carbohydrate metabolism, including both diabetogenic and insulin-like actions, and also has effects on lipid metabolism, particularly in man. Overall, GH tends to switch metabolism from utilization of carbohydrate to utilization of fat [14], although there are marked differences between species in the relative importance of actions on different aspects of metabolism. 

Actions of growth hormone on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism... 

In addition to its effects on the synthesis of proteins in general and on the induction of specific proteins, which can sometimes be related clearly to the growth-promoting actions of the hormone, GH has a variety of effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (Table I). This topic has recently been reviewed very comprehensively [88]. 

Human recombinant growth hormone connective tissue, mineral, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism... 

Recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) is a 22-kDa protein drug having 191 amino acids. It has been used to treat a number of conditions, including short stature in children, Turner syndrome, and chronic renal failure. It is said to play an important role in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats as well as electrolytes and hence influences weight and height. It has been reported that hGH secretion in humans is pulsatile, showing low basal serum levels in between peaks. It has been... 

Q3 The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine have many metabolic effects. In adults they increase metabolic rate, oxygen and calorie consumption, stimulate carbohydrate metabolism and turnover of protein, deplete fat stores and increase catabolism of free fatty acids. Thyroid hormones stimulate heart rate and force and increase pulmonary ventilation, gastrointestinal motility and central nervous system (CNS) activity. Actions on the heart can result in an increased incidence of dysrhythmias. Thyroid hormones are critical for the normal growth and development of the infant, particularly in respect of skeletal growth and maturation of the CNS. 

Although growth hormone (GH) stimulates the release of insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) primarily from the liver, it antagonizes the effects of insulin on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. 

Somatostatin. Somatostatin, also called growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, is a 14-amino-acid peptide found in the gastrointestinal tract, the hypothalamus, and the 6-cells of the pancreatic islets. Although somatostatin does not appear to have a direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism, it inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. In addition, somatostatin inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin by the pancreas, thus modulating the reciprocal relationship between these two hormones. 

M.B. Davidson, Effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, Endocrinol. Rev., 1987, 8, 115-131. 

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