Grinding techniques

In the preparation of many solid state reference materials, reduction of the grain size plays an important role. Usually this reduction is required because of the measurement methods to be used both in the projects and later by the users of the reference material, as well as to come to an acceptable minimum sample intake. The minimum sample intake can be defined as the minimum amount of material needed, so that the heterogeneity of the material does not affect the repeatability of the measurement method. The reduction of the grain size is usually implemented by crushing and/or grinding techniques. The techniques employed and the equipment used must be suitable for the purpose of processing the material. Potential problems of contamination, loss of volatile components, and/or other physical and... 

Salazar I., Lombardero M., Sanchez-Quinteiro P., Roel P., et al.,. (1998). Origin and regional distribution of the arterial vessels of the vomeronasal organ in the sheep a methodological investigation with SEM and cutting-grinding techniques. Ann Anat 180, 181-187. 

Crushing and grinding Crashing and grinding techniques are used basically for size reduction of spent materials, which results in a more homogeneous waste for immobilization, allows the easier removal of nonspecific materials, and facilitates the further destruction of the material by thermal, chemical, or biological methods. 

Grant, L.A. 1998. Effects of starch isolation, drying and grinding techniques on its gelatinization and retrogradation properties. Cereal Chem. 75 590-594. 

Liao J., Ono K., Kanayama G., Isobe T., Senna M. Preparation of tricalcium phosphate by applying grinding technique and choosing hydroxycontaining initial materials. 

By the mid-nineteenth century, significant improvements had been made in the light microscope design, mainly due to refinements in lens grinding techniques. However, most of these lens refinements were the result of trial and error rather than inspired through principles... 

For porous oxide particles a size-range down to about 60m diameter can be obtained by conventional crushing and grinding techniques. Smaller particle sizes are obtained by conventional ball-milling, thus reaching a size range of the order of 1-5m. 

Rock samples, especially those containing sulphides, should be crushed in a percussion mortar and then ground to about 20 mm in an agate mortar. High-energy crushing and grinding techniques are to be avoided and particular care should be taken to minimise contamination of sulphides by atmospheric Hg and cross-contamination of unmineralised samples by sulphides. 

U.S. 5704556 01/1998 McLaughlin/DevMar Process for rapidly producing finely divided aluminosilicate particles by media grinding techniques... 

Using powdered factory scraps in EPDM compounds, it was found that the cost-effectiveness of this operation depends upon the method of grinding the waste rubber. Also, the size and topography of the particles depend upon the grinding technique, and these characteristics play a vital role in controlling the composite properties [27]. 

Waste tire and rubber present a problem of international significance. The present work describes some routes available to solve this problem. Numerous technologies are being developed. Among them, in addition to the well-known grinding techniques, are continuous pulverization methods based on a... 

The economics of cBN grinding have been improved by the adoption of creep feed grinding techniques and also the use of higher wheel peripheral speeds. Both of these developments required the development of suitable grinding machines. 

In a laboratory study of grinding techniques (ball mill vs. roller mill) Chen and Odler (1992) showed that roller mill cements exhibit inferior quality because of higher water demand, resulting from adverse packing characteristics developed during grinding. Microscopically, clear cut differences were observed with regard to particle size, shape, Blaine, and additionally, dry bulk density and flow rates. 

Chen, Y., and Odler, I., "Effect of fhe Grinding Technique on the Shape of Cemenf Particles," Proceedings of the I4th International Conference on Cement Microscopy, International Cement Microscopy Association, Costa Mesa, California, 1992, pp. 22 -28. 

---