Grave soils

To conclude, sufficient soil morphological, mineralogical (XRD), and physicochemical (DRIFTS) data were acquired on the two samples to be able to determine if they compare or do not compare. The soil from the shoe is therefore most likely sourced from the stony/gravely soil on the riverbank. 

Thevanayagam, S., Liang, J., Shenthan, T. (2000). Contact index and liquefaction potential of silty and gravely soils. In the Proceedings ofthe 14 ASCE Eng. Mech. Conference, Austin, Texas. 

Table 13.3 gives an example of Sauvignon maturation on two different Bordeaux soils a sandy-gravely soil (G) and a sandy-clay soil on compact limestone (C). Soil G filters weU and has a low water reserve. The water supply is limited. 

J. D. Graves, N. K. Watkins, A. H. Fitter, D. Robin.son. and C. Scrimgeour, Intra-specific transfer of carbon between plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network, Plant Soil 792 153 (1997). 

A. H. Fitter, G. K. Self, J. Wolfenden, M. M. I. van Vuuren, T. K. Brown, L. Williamson, J, D. Graves, and D. Robinson, Root production and mortality under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Soil 187 299 (1996). 

Grave wax" is a term for a crumbly, waxy substance called adipocere. Adipocere starts to form on the human body about a month after it is buried. It forms easily on the fatty parts of the body such as the cheeks, abdomen, and buttocks. The waxy adipocere protects the body from further decomposition and has even been found on 10O-year-old exhumed corpses. This buildup occurs when a body is buried in highly basic (alkaline) soil. The waxy substance is produced by a chemical reaction between the basic soil and fats in the body in a process called saponification. Saponification is also the process used in the manufacture of soap. 

The aim of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is to facilitate the interpretation of the results of the inventory analysis. The result of the inventory analysis is an emission profile for each alternative system. In this study the emission profile is the total of all emissions to air, water and soil from the grave-to-cradle chain for the use of cushion vinyl floor covering, including the up chain processes, like electricity production and the down chain processes, like the incineration and landfill of the waste. Such an emission profile may consist of hundreds of emissions and extractions. In LCA impact assessment the total of interventions (emissions, extractions) of a process chain is evaluated in terms of environmental problems (impact categories). 

Biological. 1-Naphthylamine added to three different soils was incubated in the dark at 23 °C under a carbon dioxide-free atmosphere. After 308 d, 16.6 to 30.7% of the 1-naphthylamine added to soil biodegraded to carbon dioxide (Graved et al., 1986). Li and Lee (1999) investigated the reaction of 10 mL of 7 mM 1-naphthylamine with 4 g of a Chalmers soil (pH 6.5, 11.1% sand, 72.8% silt, 16.0% clay). After 120 h, the soil was washed with acetonitrile and the extractant analyzed using GC/MS. The primary transformation product was a dimer tentatively identified as TV-(4-aminonaphthyl)-1-naphthylamine. The investigators hypothesized that the formation of this compound and two other unidentified dimers was catalyzed by minerals present in the soil. 

De Endredy, A.S. (1963) Estimation of free iron oxides in soils and clays by a photolytic method. Clay Min. Bull. 5 209-217 de Faria, D.L.A. Venancio Silva, S. de Oliveira, M.T. (1997) Raman Microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. J. Raman Spectrosc. 28 873-878 De Grave, E. Vandenberghe, R.E. (1986) 57Fe Mossbauer effect study of well-crystallized goethite (a-FeOOH) Hyp. Interact. 28 643-646... 

De Grave,E. da Costa, G.M. Bowen, L.H. Bar-rero, C.A. Vandenberghe, R.E. (1998) Characterisation of soil-oxide analogs by applied-field 57Ee Mossbauer spectroscopy. Hyp. Interact. 117 245-270... 

In a 1991 investigation of direct apphcation of surfactants to petroleum-contaminated soil, TT found that to make the technology work required a large amount of surfactant, which drove the price up. It determined that the costs did not justify the benefit and decided not to pursue the technology further (personal communication, Duane Graves, 1/2/97). 

De Muynck, David, Christophe Cloquet, Elisabeth Smits, Frederik A. de Wolff, Ghylaine Quitte, Luc Moens, and Frank Vanhaecke. Lead Isotopic Analysis of Infant Bone Tissue Dating from the Roman Era Via Multicollector ICP-Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and Bioana-lytical Chemistry 390 (2008) 477-486. The researchers used isotope analysis to show that high concentrations of lead in the bones of Roman infants probably did not come from the soil or other objects in the graves. 

Graves, D. Leavitt, M. (1991). Petroleum biodegradation in soil the effect of direct application of surfactants. Remediation, 2, 147-66. 

Lucas HF. 1987. An improved method for the simultaneous determination of RA, Ra, and Ra in water soils and sediments. In Graves B, ed. Radon, radium, and other radioactivity in groundwater. Chelsea, Ml Lewis Publishers, 219-227. 

Hopkins, D. W Wiltshire, P. E. J., and Turner, B. D. (2000). Microbial characteristics of soils from graves An investigation at the interface of soil microbiology and forensic science. Appl. Soil Ecol. 14, 283-288. 

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