Grass stain

Enzymes. The most substantial advance in textile cleansing since the introduction of synthetic detergents has occurred through the introduction of low levels of enzymes into laundry detergent and presoak products. Both proteolytic and amylolylic enzymes are used by the industry to hydro yz.e protein and starch so that the smaller soil fragments are easier to remove. They are effective on stains with protein and carbohydrate substituents (such as body soils, many food stains, grass stains, blood, and many others). Enzymes are catalytic and specific and thus must be used at low levels in... 

In some cases, the removal of oily soils and sebaceous dust from fabrics has been shown to be enhanced by ethoxylated amines, (see Figure 14.20 Structure C). Studies have also demonstrated that ethoxylated amines are very effective in removing grass stains on cotton fabrics. An ethoxylated amine with a tallow alkyl chain and two moles of ethylene oxide has been shown to be especially effective against oily soils deposited on cot-ton/polyester blends and grass stains on cotton fabrics. 

If possible, do similar laundry with similar stains in the same load (i.e., grease stains with grease stains, grass stains with grass stains, and so on). 

Rubbing alcohol. Great for grass stains, shoe... 

One of the unique performance attribute of amine ethoxylates is their ability to remove grass stains. Amine ethoxylates show better grass stain removal than most anionic and nonionic surfactants used in laundry detergents (Table 3). 

TABLE 3 Effect of Surfactant Structure on Grass Stain Removal (100°F, 150 ppm hard water, 2 g/L surfactant)... 

TABLE 11 Detergency Performance of Tallow Triamine 12 mole Ethoxylate (TT-12EO) on Dust Sebum, Olive OU, and Grass Stain on Cotton and Cotton Polyester... 

FIG. 17 Removal of grass stains with surfactant and activated bleach (brightness gain). 

Saha DC et al., A rapid staining method for detection of endophytic fungi in turf and forage grasses. Phytopathology 78 237—239, 1988. 

Soil - Organic stains food, mold and grass Surface - Cement, wood, paint, polymeric Application Method - Brush Manufacture - Ribbon or paddle blender... 

Wash trials are carried out by the use of soiled test pieces, eg, commonly used stains for protease evaluation are milk, blood, and grass. Commercial pre-soiled test pieces also may contain particulate matter, eg, carbon black, as part of the stain matrix. Test materials are available ready-to-use from a number of research and testing institutes in Europe and the United States, eg, Center for Testmaterials, Vlaardingen, Holland Wascherei Forschungs Institut, Krefeld, Germany EMPA, St. Gallen, Switzedand Institut voor Reinigingstechnieken TNO, Delft, Holland and Testfabrics, Middlesex, New Jersey. Alternatively, enzyme manufacturers can supply preparation procedures. 

A white later I saw the two figures heading back. Their white shirts bobbed a inst the bleached grass stalks. Even before they d reached me I could see the palbr of their feces. The younger one had a wet stain ofvorrit on his front that he seemed unaware of Wordless, I handed him the bottle of water. He took it gratefi%. 

Fig. 93 Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in fine roots of adjacent mature forest, secondary forest on abandoned cattle pasture (l6 years old), and active cattle pasture planted with Brachiaria brizantha forage grass. Each data point is the average value for six root samples, with 75 1-cm root segments stained and analyzed per sample following Phillips and Hayman (1970). Percent infection refers to the percent of each root segment s length in which fungal hyphae or arbuscles were visible.

Proteases are enzymes that catalytically degrade proteins, making them useful in the removal of all manner of proteinaceous and protein-containing stains such as blood, egg yolk, milk, grass, and collar soil. Because they perform well against such a wide variety of stains, proteases are the most commonly used type of detergent enzyme (see Table 1). 

Protease is by far the most widely used of all detergent enzymes. Introduced in the 1960s, it has since become one of the more important components of detergent formulations [6]. Proteases aid in the removal of many soils commonly encountered by the consumer, such as food stains (cocoa, egg yolk, meat), blood, and grass. This enzyme hydrolyzes or breaks up the peptide bonds found in proteins resulting in the formation of smaller and more soluble polypeptides and amino acids. Since most enzymes have to function under high pH conditions, subtilisin, a bacterial alkaline protease, is commonly used in laundry detergents. This particular protease does not hydrolyze any specific peptide bond in proteinaceous stains but cleaves bonds in a somewhat random manner. 

Enzymes These biological catalysts are sometimes added to help remove protein-based stains such as blood and grass. 

Enzyme-based stains are a very broad class of stains, depending on the enzyme in question. Protease-sensitive stains include blood, grass, and body soils [20]. Amylase-sensitive stains include... 

The hydrophilic/hydrophobic characters of the bleach system and the stain play an important role in the interaction of both components. Whereas hydrophilic peracids (e.g., peroxyacetic acid) are optimum for bleaching polar polyphenolic stains, such as tea and red wine, they are normally less effective on water-insoluble stains like spaghetti sauce or grass. Long alkyl chain-or aromaticring-containing compounds are preferred, as they are attracted more easily and are able to penetrate hydrophobic stains. 

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