Graphitization, degree

Heat treatment at high temperatures, in most cases up to 3000°C, in inert atmosphere is an essential process for the production of graphite blocks. The principal purpose of this treatment is the improvement in structure, i.e., the increase in the graphitization degree. The development of the... 

Finally, the determination of both microtexture and graphitization degree is useful to explain, and even to predict, the physical properties of carbons (32). 

Most of the previous studies on flame retardation of polymer nanocomposites are focused on the relationship between macroscopic morphologies of chars and the flammability properties. Fang et al. studied the relationship between evolution of the microstructure, viscoelasticity and graphitization degree of chars and the flammability of polymers during combustion (68). The flame retar-dancy of ABS/clay /MWNTs nanocomposites was strongly affected by the formation of a network structure. Flammability properties... 

Numerical values of the graphitization degree (P are obtained only by calculations of the successive profiles of the 11 band of the x-ray patterns since 10 is sensitive to stacking faults [14-16,69-72,110-112]. 

Maeda M, Hagiwara A, Sotouchi H, Sato H, Zhao X, Morikawa S, et al. The effect of the graphitization degree of carbon material on corrosion rate. Electrochemistry 1999 67 155-9. 

We also discussed the durability issues of PEM fuel cell catalysts which have been recently recognized as one of the major barriers to the commercialization of fuel cells [10]. To use carbon with a higher graphitization degree as support materials and to alloy Pt with other metals can improve the catalyst durability. Compared with carbon black, several research groups have reported that the use of CNTs can be promising in effectively reducing the carbon corrosion problem [213]. 

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