Degree of graphitization

Electrical Uses. Dry cells (see Batteries, primary cells) use graphite to render the nonconductive pyrolusite (Mn02) conductive through intimate admixture. The degree of graphitization is a factor in that graphites with the same carbon content and from the same locaUty give different results. 

Table 2. X-Ray diffraction results and degree of graphitization of various carbon fibers.

Carbonaceous materials with varying degree of graphitic order are the most common commercial anodes in secondary lithium-ion batteries. Among carbon-based materials, natural graphite is the most promising anode... 

The degree of graphitization also plays a significant role on the corrosion rate of MWCNTs the number of defects on the surface of nanotubes decreases as graphi-... 

Carbon materials used for the commercial synthesis of carbon fluoride include natural graphite, petroleum coke, activated carbon, carbon black and carbon fiber. Experimental carbon materials include residual carbon, exfoliated graphite, fullerenes and other unique carbons and carbon inserts. The degree of graphitization of carbon material varies continuously, so it is not simple to define the exact boundary between carbon and graphite. The product formed... 

They showed that the reversible charge capacity of heat-treated cokes as a function of their degree of graphitization is in remarkable agreement with the expression (Equation 7.6) if xaa = 0.75, xaP = 0.20, and Xpp = 1. The lower value of xap was qualitatively confirmed by STM observations on pyrocarbons heat-treated at 2000°C.172 In the ap state, interstitial clusters of carbon atoms which commensurate with the graphite lattice hindered the intercalation of lithium and, thus, decreased the stoichiometric coefficient x with respect to a random distribution of interstitials. 

Raman spectra were recorded using a Spex Triplemate spectrograph equipped with a diode array detector. The 514 nm line of an Ar+ laser was used for excitation. The Raman spectra displayed a band at approximately 1600 cm-1 due to C-C vibrations of graphite-like structures and a band at 1365 cm 1 due to imperfections of the graphite lattice and to amorphous carbon. The width of the 1600 cm"1 band in the Raman spectra has been reported to be inversely proportional to the degree of graphitization [5,6]. 

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