Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry GF-AAS

Maintaining the quality of food is a far more complex problem than the quality assurance of non-food products. Analytical methods are an indispensable monitoring tool for controlling levels of substances essential for health and also of toxic substances, including heavy metals. The usual techniques for detecting elements in food are flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS), hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AAS), cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). 

A number of methods have been described for determining the concentrations of toxic metals in biological samples.These methods include graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), electroanalytical techniques such as anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), neutron activation analysis (NAA), and mass spectrometry (MS). Amongst these techniques, mass spectrometry occupies a unique role due to its potential to measure the... 

Kueeuest U (1998d) Direct solid sampling with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). In Kurfiirst U, ed. Solid Sample Analysis, Direct Slurry Sampling using GF-AAS and ETV-ICP, pp. 129-190. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Cadmium in blood, urine, hair, saliva, and human milk is predominantly analyzed with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), also known as electrothermal AAS (ET-AAS). Samples are usually prepared by digestion with nitric acid [16-20]. Solubilizers (Triton X-100) or matrix modifiers (e.g., diammonium hydrogen phosphate, Pd-components) are added [17,21-23]. 

Much more sensitive and less time-consuming techniques such as mass spectrometry, atomic emission, and atomic absorption are needed for the analysis of pollutants. Detectors such as graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometer (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), or inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) seem to be ideal candidates for the analysis of trace metals because of their very low detection limits. The high temperatures used avoid the need for tedious digestions in many samples. FFF-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry could perhaps be used in the analysis of particular organic molecules. 

Nowka R, Muller H (1997) Direct analysis of solid samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a transversely heated graphite atomizer and D2-background correction system (SS GF-AAS). Fresenius J Anal Chem 359 132-137. 

Notes HG-AAS, Aydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry HG-AFS, /tydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry FI-CV-AAS, flow-injection cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry FAAS,flame atomic absorption spectrometry GF-AAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and ET-AAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

SSETAAS solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry SS-GF-AAS solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (see SSETAAS)... 

AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry EC-THGA = end-capped transversal heating graphite tubes GF-AAS = graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry HMA/HMDC = hexamethylene ammonium/hexamethylene dithiocarbamidate LOD = limit of detection... 

One of the most challenging aspects of atomic spectrometry is the incredibly wide variety of sample types that require elemental analysis. Samples cover the gamut of solids, liquids, and gases. By the nature of most modem spectrochemical methods, the latter two states are much more readily presented to sources that operate at atmospheric pressure. The most widely used of these techniques are flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS and GF-AAS) [1,2] and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometries (ICP-AES and MS) [3-5]. As described in other chapters of this volume, ICP-MS is the workhorse technique for the trace element analysis of samples in the solution phase—either those that are native liquids or solids that are subjected to some sort of dissolution procedure. 

Technique HG = hydride generation AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GF = graphite furnace AES = atomic emission spectrometry MS = mass spectrometry AFS = atomic fluorescence spectrometry ASV = anodic stripping voltammetry SDDC = sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate. Procedures ISO = Memational Standards Organization ISO/CD = ISO Committee Draft SM = Standard Methods ... 

GF-AAS Graphite furnace atomic absorption SSMS Spark source mass spectrometry... 

Other methods reported for the determination of beryllium include UV-visible spectrophotometry [80,81,83], gas chromatography (GC) [82], flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [84-88] and graphite furnace (GF) AAS [89-96]. The ligand acetylacetone (acac) reacts with beryllium to form a beryllium-acac complex, and has been extensively used as an extracting reagent of beryllium. Indeed, the solvent extraction of beryllium as the acety-lacetonate complex in the presence of EDTA has been used as a pretreatment method prior to atomic absorption spectrometry [85-87]. Less than 1 p,g of beryllium can be separated from milligram levels of iron, aluminium, chromium, zinc, copper, manganese, silver, selenium, and uranium by this method. See also Sect. 5.74.9. 

Different analytical techniques such as ICP-OES (optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source), XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis), AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) with graphite furnace and flame GF-AAS and FAAS, NAA (neutron activation analysis) and others, are employed for the trace analysis of environmental samples. The main features of selected atomic spectrometric techniques (ICP-MS, ICP-OES and AAS) are summarized in Table 9.20.1 The detection ranges and LODs of selected analytical techniques for trace analysis on environmental samples are summarized in Figure 9.15.1... 

FAAS atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization, ICP-OES atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma excitation, GF-AAS atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace atomization, ICP-MS mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma ionization... 

Early colorimetric methods for arsenic analysis used the reaction of arsine gas with either mercuric bromide captured on filter paper to produce a yellow-brown stain (Gutzeit method) or with silver diethyl dithiocarbamate (SDDC) to produce a red dye. The SDDC method is still widely used in developing countries. The molybdate blue spectrophotometric method that is widely used for phosphate determination can be used for As(V), but the correction for P interference is difficult. Methods based on atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) linked to hydride generation (HG) or a graphite furnace (GF) have become widely used. Other sensitive and specihc arsenic detectors (e.g., AFS, ICP-MS, and ICP-AES) are becoming increasingly available. HG-AES, in particular, is now widely used for routine arsenic determinations because of its sensitivity, reliability, and relatively low capital cost. 

---