Grapefruit production

A//SOLD/P/A/E. Administer nisoldipine orally once daily. Avoid administration with a high fat meal. Avoid grapefruit products before and after dosing. Swallow whole do not bite, divide, or crush. 

Drug/Food interactions - A /o 6 coadministration of carbamazepine with grapefruit products. Serum carbamazepine levels may be elevated. 

Avoid grapefruit products while taking saquinavir... 

Bitterness is a generally undesirable flavor component and is usually detrimental to the quality of citrus products. Any bitterness in orange or tangerine products reduces their quality, whereas, a little bitterness is actually desirable for grapefruit products. However, it has been shown (35) that as the concentration of bitter materials increase, flavor scores and overall product acceptability decrease. Thus, excessive bitterness is usually considered objectionable and the Florida Department of Citrus has enacted regulations which limit the amount of naringin which may be present during the early weeks of the season (36). 

GRAPEFRUIT JUICE NILOTINIB (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) Grapefruit products t serum concentrations of nilotinib Due to effect of grapefruit juice as an inhibitor of CYP3A4 The dose of nilotinib should not exceed 400 mg once daily (a dose 1 to half the usual daily dose)... 

Naringin is the predominant flavonoid in grapefruit. It is distinguished readily from hesperidin by its extreme bitterness, which it sometimes imparts to grapefruit products. Naringin is used in the preparation of beverages and to enhance the piquant flavor of high class confections. 

Lycopene is a bright red pigment that colors several ripe fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Tomato and tomato products are the main dietary sources of this carotenoid, although it is also found in watermelons, guavas, pink grapefruits, and in small quantities in at least 40 plants. - The absorption of lycopene in the human gut is increased by heat treatment, probably because the breakdown of the plant cells makes the pigment more accessible. ... 

Food colorants play an important role in quality perception. Color is often the first notable characteristic of a food and it influences the expectations of consumers buying the product and also influences food handlers who make quality-related decisions, for example, during visual inspections." More specifically, color predetermines our expectations and perceptions of flavor and taste. " Color is interrelated with flavor intensity (detection threshold), with sweetness and salinity sensations, and also with our susceptibilities to and preferences for products. For example, consumers perceived a strongly red-colored strawberry-flavored drink to be sweeter than a less colored version, and yellow was associated with lemon and pink with grapefruit, but by reversing the colors, flavor perception changed." If food color is not appealing, consumers will not enjoy the flavor and texture of the food. ... 

CYP3A4 is highly inducible by a large variety of commonly prescribed and utilized synthetic drugs (e.g., carbamazepine) and plant products (e.g., St. John s wort) (Roby, Anderson et al, 2000), and at the same time also is potently inhibited by various other medications (e.g., terfenadine and ketoconazole) (Jurima-Romet, Crawford etal, 1994) as well as common foodstuffs (e.g., grapefruit juice) (Oesterheld 8c Kallepalli, 1997). Since individual and ethnic/cultural groups vary dramatically in their exposure to these inducers and inhibitors, it stands to reason that... 

Budesonide, Oral (Entocort EC) [Anti-inflammatory> Corticosteroid] Uses Mild-mod Crohn Dz Action Steroid, anti-inflammatory Dose Adults. Initial, 9 mg PO qAM to 8 wk max maint 6 mg PO qAM taper by 3 mo avoid grapefruit juice Contra Active TB and fungal Infxn Caution [C, /-] DM, glaucoma, cataracts, HTN, CHF Disp Caps SE HA, cough, hoarseness, Candida Infxn, epistaxis Interactions T Effects W/ erythromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, ritonavir, grapefruit EMS Monitor ECG and BP for signs of electrolyte disturbances and hypovolemia OD Acute OD unlikely to cause a problem, chronic OD can reduce natural production of certain steroids symptomatic and supportive... 

C15H22O, Mr 218.33, mp 35 °C, has been isolated from grapefruit peel and juice and identified in other citrus oils as well. The commercially available product is a colorless to yellowish liquid with a typical grapefruit odor. 

C13H18O2, Mr 206.29, does not occur in nature. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid, 1.018-1.023, p 1.501 1.506, with a herbal-fresh odor, reminiscent of grapefruit. It is prepared by a Prins reaction of a-methylstyrene with acetaldehyde and used in perfume compositions for soap, detergents, and household products. 

Grapefruit oil is produced mainly in the United States and its composition varies with the species. White grapefruit oil obtained from the varieties Marsh seedless and Duncan that are grown in Florida, contains more than 90% terpene hydrocarbons ((+)-limonene, 93.5-95%), 0.5% alcohols (mainly linalool), 1% aldehydes (mainly octanal and decanal), 0.05-0.8% nootkatone [371]. Worldwide production is ca. 200 t/yr. 

Huang SM, Hall SD, Watkins P, et al. Drug interactions with herbal products and grapefruit juice a conference report. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004 75(1) 1-12. 

The clinical relevance of data obtained from studies with single compounds is questionable, because most studies were performed in in vitro systems, limiting the predictability of the effects of the examined compounds in vivo. Moreover, some polyphenolics, such as quercetin, were shown to interact with the absorption or metabolism of drugs only at very high concentrations (50-100 pmol/L), which are likely to exceed the expected in vivo concentration after the consumption of a moderate amount of a grapefruit/ citrus product. Also, flavonoids have been demonstrated to potentially induce apoptosis in cell lines at concentrations comparable to those used for some in vitro drug interaction studies (64-66). This potentially could have impaired the investigation of enzyme and transporter activities. 

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