Ethnic cultures

CYP3A4 is highly inducible by a large variety of commonly prescribed and utilized synthetic drugs (e.g., carbamazepine) and plant products (e.g., St. John s wort) (Roby, Anderson et al, 2000), and at the same time also is potently inhibited by various other medications (e.g., terfenadine and ketoconazole) (Jurima-Romet, Crawford etal, 1994) as well as common foodstuffs (e.g., grapefruit juice) (Oesterheld 8c Kallepalli, 1997). Since individual and ethnic/cultural groups vary dramatically in their exposure to these inducers and inhibitors, it stands to reason that... 

Lin, K. M. Poland, R. E. (1995). Ethnicity, Culture, and Psychopharmacology in Psychopharmacology The Fourth Generation of Progress. New York NY Raven Press. 

The existence of ethnic, cultural or religious differences within a state do not in themselves cause a conflict, but they contribute to the incidence or escalation of conflict, if they develop into a political problem... 

Although pharmaceutical drugs are now widely used worldwide, many ethnic cultures have retained their own folk medicines. In certain instances, these folk medicines exist side by side and are complemented by pharmaceutical drugs. 

A pronounced diasporic identity became clear only from the 1960s, in a New Order environment which made it not only acceptable but essential for each suku to proclaim a simplified short list of ethnic markers. Museums and theme parks have exhibited ethnic culture, the latter in particularly essentialised forms, while the push for tourist dollars has legitimated rituals, dress, music and house styles once denounced as primitive , un-Muslim, un-Christian and anti-national. Meanwhile the destruction of the Left removed the main pragmatic enemy of aristocratic and conservative culture, and the depoliticisation of national life shifted ethnic competition to cultural and economic domains (Kipp 1993 109-14 Pemberton 1994 152-81). 

The cultural activity of all the ethnie is itself now conducted in Indonesian. The conferences and seminars to promote each ethnic culture, the urban up-market weddings at which the adat of each group is displayed, are invariably in Indonesian. The periodic efforts to promote the teaching of the local languages in schools and to publish texts in them (typically reprints from the much more promising pre-war period) are mostly testimony that the battle for language is being lost. 

Rodgers, Susan 1991a. The Ethnic Culture Page in Medan Journalism Indonesia 51 (April), 83-104. 

The littoral areas of the Black and Azov Seas with their warm climate are of great socioeconomic significance for intensive development of recreation resources. The natural, ethnic, cultural, historical, and other features of the Black Sea area attract many people for rest and tourism. In the Black Sea there are no predatory and noxious sea animals and there is no tidal activity. One can admire vast expanses of sand beaches and wonderful mountain and forest coastal landscapes, and these regions are not far from European countries. 

These beliefs often develop over many years and can be influenced by many ethnic, cultural, and religious traditions. For treatment to move forward successfully, it is important to explore their effects. 

The mechanisms underlying ethnic/cultural differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are not always clear and warrant considerably more study. Such group differences do remind us, however, that nonpharmacological factors may influence the drug experience at any point along the steps" listed in Table 4.1. 

U.S. Dept, of Agriculture. 2003. Ethnic/Cultural and Special Food Guide Pyramids. http //www. nal.usda.gov/fhic/etext/000023.html. 

The rest of the Confederation was swiff to follow, and almost identical in its response no matter what ethnic culture base was exposed to the news. No ideology or religion offered much in the way of resistance. Only Edenism proved resilient, though even that culture was far from immune. 

Perhaps the most important lesson learned from working with UNAIDS was that inclusion sometimes needs to go beyond the usual dimensions of diversity. Most organizations worldwide deal with gender, ethnic, cultural, disability and generational dimensions, as well as perhaps language, religion, and sexual orientation. What made work with UNAIDS unique was the HIV status dimension, as an addition—not a replacement of—the other dimensions of diversity, and the consequent challenges for inclusion in that context. 

In addition to the presence of a consistent sex difference in test scores within each of the four study groups, a significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of the absolute test scores. On the average, the Korean Americans outperformed the Black and White Americans who, in turn, outperformed the Native Japanese (Table 1). All of these means differed significantly from one another, with the exception of the Black and White American ones, which did not differ (Tukey B multiple-comparison post hoc analysis ps < 0.01). Although the reason(s) for these ethnic/cultural differences are not known, differential familiarity with the items is a likely factor, since several of the odors which were not easily identified by the Japanese subjects were unfamiliar to a number of... 

Table 2. Percent of subjects within four ethnic/cultural groups... 

It is apparent from this brief review that cross-cultural studies of chemosensory function are rather limited in both number and scope. Nonetheless, the available data suggest that considerable uniformity exists across cultures in the perception of tastants and odorants. Thus, the relative identifiability of odorants, as well as their perceived pleasantness, is quite similar among a number of ethnic/cultural groups. Although the Japanese use "umami as a fifth basic taste class, American subjects similarly sort compounds of this class into a separate taste category when not constrained by verbal categories, suggesting they perceive such substances in a similar manner. 

In my understanding a national minority is a minority that has distinct ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic characteristics. A kin-state may make the existence of a national minority more likely but is no essential requirement. Likewise, I do not... 

For the view that differences in ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious matters do not always lead to the creation of national minorities see part II CSCE (1991) Report of the CSCE Meeting of Experts on National Minorities, Geneva 1991 http //www.osce.org/documents/osce/1991/07/ 14125 en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2010. 

Don t assume someone can t use therapy, based on their ethnicity, culture or intelligence (Table 12.21. The essential factor across all therapies is the relationship between the therapist and the client. Before referring, consider suitability, based on ... 

Unreliability and lack of validity will attenuate test score differences between groups selected on the basis of a biological measure such as blood lead. An unreliable test introduces a large random element that reduces the proportion of total variance accounted for by exposure differences. And, if the test itself does not measure what it purports to measure (such as, intelligence ), it may reflect some possibly irrelevant qualities associated with a particular ethnic culture or social class. For this reason, some recent studies have more carefully investigated parental and class contributions. 

Potential in potential political culture is not equivalent to unexpressed or partially expressed. Some potential political cultures are unexpressed political cultures. This is often the case for occupied nations whose political cultures have been suppressed. There are many other situations, however, where potentiality is not characterized exclusively by lack of expression. I already mentioned the possibility that after a potential political culture is allowed proper expression, it may either turn into an ethnic culture or split into the political cultures of several nations. Thus, potential cultures can be expressed without being actualized. ... 

Piper, Laurence. Do 1 Need Ethnic Culture to Be Free A Critique of Will Kymlicka s Liberal Nationalism, South African Journal of Philosophy 21(3), 2002. 

Until the 2011 independence referendum. South Sudan had been a part of the larger state of Sudan. The Sudanese borders were drawn in 1884, in the wake of the Berlin Conference, at which European powers divided the African continent among themselves. Sudan thus became apart of the British colonial empire. Sudan s borders, like those of many other African states, were drawn randomly, by European leaders who cared little about the ethnicity, culture, religion, or language of the inhabitants of such newly created states. As a consequence, in Sudan, the newly created borders encompassed predominantly Arab descendants of colonizers in the North, and different ethnic groups of black Africans in the South. The British colonial rule emphasized the... 

---