Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor GM-CSF

The properties of GM-CSF and the GM-CSF receptor are given in section 2.2.4. GM-CSF acts on mature neutrophils over the concentration range 1-100 pM. It does not stimulate the generation of oxidant secretion in cells in suspension, but rather primes their ability to generate oxidants when the neutrophils are exposed to a second stimulus primed neutrophils generate greater levels of oxidants compared to unprimed neutrophils (see 7.2 for 

The multiplicity of activities attributed to GM-CSF (particularly by in vitro studies), along with the redundancy exhibited by this cytokine, renders difficult appraisal of its most significant physiological role (this is, of course, also true in the case of many other cytokines). Studies 

As haemopoietic growth factors serve to stimulate the production of mature blood cells, their clinical application in diseases characterized by sub-optimal production of specific blood cell types was obvious. Several CSF preparations have gained regulatory approval, or are currently being assessed in clinical trials (Table 6.4). G-CSF and GM-CSF have proved useful in the treatment of neutropenia. All three CSF types are (or are likely to be) useful in the treatment of infectious diseases, some forms of cancer and the management of bone marrow transplants (Table 6.4), as they stimulate the differentiation/activation of white blood cell types most affected by such conditions. 

Nepogen (filgrastim G-CSF) Approved Neutropenia caused by chemotherapy Bone marrow transplants Amgen Inc. 

Leukine (sargramostim GM-CSF) Approved Autologous bone marrow transplantation Neutrophil recovery after bone marrow transplantation Immunex 

Neulasta (PEGylated filgrastim) Approved Neutropenia Amgen 

---

Dale DC, Liles WC, Llewellyn C, Price TH. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on neutrophil kinetics and function in normal human volunteers. Am J Hematol 1998 57 7-15. 

The yeast Hansenula polymorpha serves as the production system for a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Berna Biotech AG [8] and yeast is also used to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), marketed as Leukine by Schering AG. 

Edwards, S. W., Holden, C. S., Humphreys, J. M., Hart, C. A. (1989). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) primes the respiratory burst and stimulates protein biosynthesis in human neutrophils. FEBS Lett. 256,62-6. 

Wiley JS, Cebon JS, Jamieson GP, Szer J, Gibson J, et al. 1994. Assessment of proliferative responses to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in acute myeloid leukaemia using a fluorescent ligand for the nucleoside transporter. Leukemia 8 181-185. 

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Erythropoietin (EPO)... 

Barnas C, Zwierzina H, Hummer M, et al Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 53 245-247, 1992... 

Figure 5.1. Effects of glycosylation on the plasma concentration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in rats at 30 minutes after administration. The native, fully glycosylated and sialated GM-CSF is represented by the cylinder. GM-CSF with 2, 1, and 0 N-linked gly-cosyl groups (at amino-acid positions aspargine27 and asparagines37) are represented by the rectangle, tapered cylinder, and pyramid. (Data source Donahue et al. [17])...

The administration of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim) can correct neutropenia and reduce infectious morbidity in infected patients with a variety of causes of severe neutropenia. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, sar-gramostim) has also been used successfully in neutropenic patients. 

Suffix -grastim is used for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) Suffix-gramostim is used for granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF)... 

Based on the finding that IL-2, IL-12, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can enhance the ADCC activities of effector cells (73), several trials have demonstrated improved activity of effector cells by administration of cytokines or growth factor (54,74). However,... 

---