Grain abnormal

V. Yu. Novikov. Abnormal grain growth computer simulation. Inter/ Sci 6 11, 1998. 

Exaggerated chemical application rates may also adversely affect the crop quality. If the exaggerated rate causes the crop to be abnormal in some way at maturity, the processing applied to the crop may not result in typical fraction samples. The adverse impact may be obvious, such as slowed maturation of the crop, or the impact may be less obvious, such as a change to the internal structure of the individual fruits and vegetables, grains, nuts or roots. 

Typically, the most severe flaws are associated with porosity, surface damage, abnormal grains, or foreign inclusions. The effect of porosity on both modulus and strength is illustrated in Figures 5.48 and 5.49, respectively. The solid curve in Figure 5.48 represents the following equation, which holds for some ceramics ... 

Structural analysis of the solid rocket case-grain system using experimentally determined propellant response properties may permit a complete description of the combined stresses and resultant deformations, but a statement expressing the ability of the propellant to withstand these stresses is also required. Such a statement, which relates the physical state at which failure occurs to some material parameters, is called a failure criterion. The criterion for failure permits a prediction of safety margins expected under motor operation and handling and defines the loading regimes where abnormal operations will occur with intolerable frequency. 

Yang and Epstein76 measured 8D values up to +2860%o on a sample of Murchison obtained by a stepwise pyrolysis of acid residues. These very abnormal 8D values are associated with 813C which are also very high ( +508%o). These observations led the authors to entitle their paper Relic interstellar grains in Murchison meteorite . This problem will be discussed below. 

As we have already seen, D-enriched macromolecules have a normal 513C value, but it is conceivable that the D-enriched component might come from gas-phase interstellar molecules with a normal S13C value and an abnormal 8D value. On the other hand, some carbon carrier phases could contain both polycyclic aromatic molecules (quasigraphite ) and elemental carbon with all this carbon being abnormal because it forms part of the grains. 

A common example of neurobehavioral teratogenic effects caused by polluted food is the Minamata disease. In a number of areas in Japan methylmercury from industrial waste accumulated in fish which was one of the main sources of the food of the local population. Another case of poisoning with methylmercury occurred in Iraq, where people consumed grain seed treated with a methylmercury fungicide. Women with only minimal poisoning symptoms gave birth to children that showed many neurological and behavioral abnormalities, such as mental retardation, coordination deficits and seizures (refs. 12, 13). 

The deaths of breast-fed infants in the mid-fifties in Turkey, and an epidemic of skin sores and discolorations (porphyria cutanea tarda) were associated with the accidental consumption of HCB-contaminated seed grain (refs. 93-910 Clinical symptoms included weight loss, enlargement of lymph nodes and thyroid, abnormal growth of body hair and skin photosensitization. 

Sample Preparation. The basalt was crushed and sieved, and the -120 + 230 mesh fraction was used. The grains were ultrasoni-cally washed in deionized water to remove very fine adhering particles. If these particles are not removed, they will preferentially dissolve under hydrothermal conditions, resulting in abnormally high rates of mineral-fluid reactions (10). Examination of samples of the basalt on a scanning electron microscope assured that all fines had been removed. Nitrogen B.E.T. specific surface area of the washed basalt was 2.7 m2/g. 

Emoto, H. and Mitomo, M. Control and characterization of abnormal growth grains in silicon nitride ceramics , J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17 (1997) 797-804. 

DoPico, G. A., et. al "Respiratory Abnormalities Among Grain Handlers," American Review of Respiratory Disease, 115 915-927 (1978). 

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