Grace catalysts

The catalysts used throughout the research were 2.5 % Rh/Si02 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness. Grace Catalysts supplied the catalyst supports and the catalysts were prepared by Johnson Matthey. 

Products Company and Davison (W.R. Grace) Catalysts) and Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. ART provides non-zeolitic catalysts for ebullating residue hydrocracking and fixed bed pretreating HDT [140], A nanoscale iron based, slurry catalyst is recommended for coal liquefaction, while a molecule-sized and chemically in situ generated catalyst is employed for the high conversion of asphaltenic fractions or heavy oils [141],... 

GRACE Catalysts incorporating SAM matrix technology have exhibited commercially high activity (67-73 MAT) and low coke and gas selectivities with very high levels of Ni+V (8000 -12000 ppm)... 

M /g surface area (19) The author is unaware of published reports which might shed further light on the nature of the Grace catalyst. 

Davison Division of W.R. Grace Co. developed micro-spheroidal FCC catalyst. 

Davison Div., W. R. Grace Co., Questions Frequently Asked About Cracking Catalyst, Grace Davison Catalagram. No. 64, 1982, p. 29. 

Azko Private Communication, July 1997 Grace Davison Catalagram, No. 79, I9S9 J.H ielhard Catalyst Report, No, TI-H2S... 

Davis, K., and Ritter, R. E., FCC Catalyst Design Considerations for Resid Processing—Part 2, Grace Davison Catalagram, No. 78, 1988. 

Serious research in catalytic reduction of automotive exhaust was begun in 1949 by Eugene Houdry, who developed mufflers for fork lift trucks used in confined spaces such as mines and warehouses (18). One of the supports used was the monolith—porcelain rods covered with films of alumina, on which platinum was deposited. California enacted laws in 1959 and 1960 on air quality and motor vehicle emission standards, which would be operative when at least two devices were developed that could meet the requirements. This gave the impetus for a greater effort in automotive catalysis research (19). Catalyst developments and fleet tests involved the partnership of catalyst manufacturers and muffler manufacturers. Three of these teams were certified by the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board in 1964-65 American Cyanamid and Walker, W. R. Grace and Norris-Thermador, and Universal Oil Products and Arvin. At the same time, Detroit announced that engine modifications by lean carburation and secondary air injection enabled them to meet the California standard without the use of catalysts. This then delayed the use of catalysts in automobiles. 

W-2 Raney nickel was purchased from W. R. Grace and Co. Prior to use it was washed with distilled water until neutral and then three times with absolute ethanol.4 This material may ignite spontaneously if allowed to become dry. Thus in decanting, a small amount of solvent must be left behind to cover the catalyst. Spent catalyst is discarded by slurrying in water and flushing the slurry down the drain with running water. 

The support we received from our sponsors was much appreciated and greatly contributed to the success of the 22nd conference. On behalf of ORCS, 1 specifically thank these organizations Avantium, BASF Catalysts LLC, Eli Lilly and Company, Evonik Degussa Corporation, W.R. Grace (Davison Catalysts), Parr Instrument, Air Products, Amgen, Eastman, Umicore, Bristol-Myers Squibb, DuPont, Headwaters, HEt Lummus Technology, OMG, Seton Hall University (c/c Dr. John Sowa) and Slid Chemie. 

The hydrogenation processes were performed at a relatively low temperature and pressure in the presence of promoted Raney Ni 2400 and Raney Co 2724 catalysts (13) in this study but any common nitrile hydrogenation catalysts (e.g. Fe, Ru, Rh, bulk or supported catalysts) could be used. The advantage of using a low temperature and pressure process is that it lowers the investment cost of an industrial process. Raney Ni 2400 is promoted with Cr and Raney Co 2724 is promoted with Ni and Cr. The particle sizes for both catalysts were in the range 25 - 55 pm. The BET surface area of Raney Ni 2400 and Raney Co 2724 are 140 m2/g and 76 m2/g, respectively, and the active surface area of the Ni and Co catalysts are 52 and 18 m2/g, respectively, based on CO chemisorption (Grace Davison Raney Technical Manual, 4th Edition, 1996). 

The catalysts 8% and 5% Cu/A1203 were prepared as already reported (4) by using A1203 (BET=300 m2/g, PV=1.0 ml/g) from Grace Davison. Catalytic tests were carried out in different solvents under 1 atm of H2. 

The Grace-Davison jet-cup attrition test is often used to test the friability of catalysts (e g., Weeks and Dumbill, 1990 Dessalces et al., 1994). The respective jet-cup apparatus is sketched in Fig. 5. The catalyst sample is confined to a small cup, into which air is tangentially added at a high velocity (about 150 m/s). Some authors (e.g., Dessalces et al., 1994)... 

Raney Not a process, but a nickel catalyst widely used for hydrogenating organic compounds. It is made from a 50/50 nickel/aluminum alloy by leaching out the aluminum with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The product has a spongy texture and is highly active. Invented by M. Raney in 1926. The business was acquired by W. R. Grace in 1963. U.S. Patent 1,628,190. 

Skeletal catalysts were first discovered in the 1920s by Murray Raney [1,2], In recognition of their inventor, the catalysts are often referred to as Raney catalysts, although this trademark is now owned by the Davison division of W.R. Grace Co., who supply a range of catalysts for industrial use. Another common name is metal sponge, which refers to the porous structure of the catalysts. 

In 1962 Mobil Oil introduced the use of synthetic zeolite X as a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst In 1969 Grace described the first modification chemistry based on steaming zeolite Y to form an ultrastable Y. In 1967-1969 Mobil Oil reported the synthesis of the high silica zeolites beta and ZSM-5. In 1974 Henkel introduced zeolite A in detergents as a replacement for the environmentally suspect phosphates. By 2008 industry-wide approximately 367 0001 of zeolite Y were in use in catalytic cracking [22]. In 1977 Union Carbide introduced zeolites for ion-exchange separations. 

Early reports include a patent from W.R. Grace describing nano-sized zeolite X and Y, another from Mobil for nano-sized MFl catalysts and a third describing the preparation of nano-sized zeolite L [147-149]. The explosion of nanotechnology research in the past few decades has led to an enormous number of additional... 

Ward, D.G. (W.R. Grace and Co.-Conn., USA) (1996) Supported olefin polymerization catalyst precursors, their preparation and use. PCT Int. Appl. 96/13531. 

Catalytic testing. The samples were exchanged by Ce ions, then calcined at 680°C in dry air. In two types of catalytic tests, a commercial zeolitic catalyst (super D from Grace Davison) was taken as reference. 

We have been using the CPS method since it was published by Grace Davison. The method is simple, and consists of a volumetric impregnation of the catalyst followed by a cyclic ReDox deactivation in 50% steam at constant temperature. 

Catalyst brochures from W.R. Grace, BASF and Albemarle. Cleveland, OH Freedonia Group, 2008. 

FCC catalyst, supplied by Grace Davison, at three different cat-to-oil ratios, 4,6, and 8. The feed was injected at a constant rate of 3 g/min for 30 seconds. The catalyst to oil ratio was adjusted by varying the amonnt of catalyst in the reactor. Two catalysts used for this evaluation were laboratory deactivated using the cyclic propylene steaming (CPS) method [6]. Properties of these catalysts after deactivation are listed in Table 12.3. 

We thank R. Kugler and W. Wolf, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc., Coating Effects, Process Development, Schweizerhalle, Switzerland for assistance and helpful discussions. We thank Derek Atkinson, Grace Davison Specialty Catalysts for supply of the catalyst supports used in this study. 

Support from our sponsors greatly contributed to a successful conference. Specifically we thank these organizations W. R. Grace (Davison Catalysts), Parr Instrument, Degussa, North American Catalysis Society, ACS-PRF, Air Products and Chemicals, CRl Catalysts, Engelhard, Eli Lilly Co., Merck Co., Slid Chemie, Umicore, Amgen and Nova Molecular Technologies, Inc. 

Fig. 50. Novel catalyst shapes for residuum processing, (a) UNOCAL s cloverleaf shape, (b) AKZO Chemie/Ketjen s asymmetric quadralobe, (c) Chevron s Bumpy Oval, (d) W. R. Grace s Minilith.

The first, and currently only, successful solvent-permeable hyperfiltration membrane is the Starmem series of solvent-resistant membranes developed by W.R. Grace [40]. These are asymmetric polyimide phase-inversion membranes prepared from Matrimid (Ciba-Geigy) and related materials. The Matrimid polyimide structure is extremely rigid with a Tg of 305 °C and the polymer remains glassy and unswollen even in aggressive solvents. These membranes found their first large-scale commercial use in Mobil Oil s processes to separate lube oil from methyl ethyl ketone-toluene solvent mixtures [41-43], Scarpello et al. [44] have also achieved rejections of >99 % when using these membranes to separate dissolved phase transfer catalysts (MW 600) from tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate solutions. 

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