Goblet cells intestinal

Sibley, D.A., Grisham, M.B. and Specian, KD. (1991). The generation of bactericidal and cytotoxic oxidants by goblet cell intestinal peroxidase. Gastroenterology 100, A841. 

Precellular solute ionization dictates membrane permeability dependence on mucosal pH. Therefore, lumenal or cellular events that affect mucosal microclimate pH may alter the membrane transport of ionizable solutes. The mucosal microclimate pH is defined by a region in the neighborhood of the mucosal membrane in which pH is lower than in the lumenal fluid. This is the result of proton secretion by the enterocytes, for which outward diffusion is slowed by intestinal mucus. (In fact, mucosal secretion of any ion coupled with mucus-restricted diffusion will provide an ionic microclimate.) Important differences in solute transport between experimental systems may be due to differences in intestinal ions and mucus secretion. It might be anticipated that microclimate pH effects would be less pronounced in epithelial cell culture (devoid of goblet cells) transport studies than in whole intestinal tissue. 

Figure 2 Comparison of intestinal epithelial cells in culture and in situ. (A) Human colon Caco-2 cells grown in culture for 16 days on a semiporous filter. (B) Epithelial layer of rat jejunum. AP, apical or luminal membrane B, basal or abluminal membrane BM, basement membrane G, goblet cell LS, lateral space mv, microvilli Nu, nucleus TJ, tight junction. Bars equal 10 pm. 

Phillips, T.E., Phillips, T.H. and Neutra, M.H. (1984) Regulation of intestinal goblet cell secretion. IV. Electrical field stimulation in vitro. American Journal of Physiology 247, G682—G687. 

Ishikawa, N., Horii, Y. and Nawa, Y. (1993) Immune mediated alteration of the terminal sugars of goblet cell mucins in the small intestine of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infected rats. Immunology 78, 303-307. 

Leblond, C.P. and Messier, B. (1958) Renewal of chief cells and goblet cells in the small intestine as shown by radioautography after injection of thymidine-H3 into mice. Anatomical Record 132, 49—58. 

Paulus, U., Loeffler, M., Zeidler, J., Owen, G. and Potten, C.S. (1993) The differentiation and lineage development of goblet cells in the murine small intestinal crypt experimental and modelling studies. Journal of Cell Science 106, 473-484. 

The morbidity and mortality that are often associated with human GI helminth infections reflect in part the nutritional consequences of diarrhoea and malabsorption, and the resulting malnutrition that can accentuate the effects of infection by suppressing the protective immune response as well as compromising intestinal repair (Ferguson et al., 1980 Keymer and Tarlton, 1991 Cooper et al, 1992). In experimental rodents the pathology associated with infection is characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of the mucosa by a variety of... 

Increased numbers of goblet cells (GCs) and qualitative changes in mucus secretions are coincident with infection with a number of nematode parasites and it has been proposed that mucin proteins mediate this response by enveloping the parasites and/or interrupting attachment (Nawa et al., 1994). However, the role of GCs and mucus in the generation of a protective response versus its role in resolving intestinal inflammation following infection with GI nematode parasites remains unresolved. 

Tomita, M., Itoh, H., Ishikawa, N., Higa, A., Ide, H., Murakumo, Y., Maruyama, H., Koga, Y. and Nawa, Y. (1995) Molecular cloning of mouse intestinal trefoil factor and its expression during goblet cell changes. Biochemistry Journal 311, 293-297. 

Wikman, A., Karlsson, J., Carlstedt, I., Artursson, P., A drug absorption model based on the mucus layer producing human intestinal goblet cell line HT29-H, Pharm. Res. 1993, 30, 843-852. 

Gupta, B. L. (1989). The relationship of mucoid substances and ion and water transport, with new data on intestinal goblet cells and a model for gastric secretion. In Mucus and Related Topics, eds. Chantler, E. and Ratcliffe, N. A., The Company of Biologists, Cambridge, pp. 81-110. 

Exposure of the intestinal cells to high concentrations of polyethylene glycol 2000 causes villus shortening, goblet cell capping, and destruction of the villus tip (35). The effects of smaller molecular weight materials were more extreme and... 

Karlsson J, Wikman A, Artursson P (1993) The mucus layer as a barrier to drug absorption in monolayers of human intestinal epithelial HT29-H goblet cells. Int JPharm 99 209-218. 

Fig. 1. Small intestine formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded. Section was stained with Concanavilin A conjngated to 5-nm colloidal gold. The gold was then silver-enhanced. Staining of mucous on the cell snrface and in goblet cells is seen.

The intestinal juice is mostly water but also contains some mucus that is secreted by the duodenal glands and the goblet cells of the mucosa. Blood pH is usually in the range of 7.35-7.45 (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2002), whereas urine has a typical pH of 4.2 (Hansch and Leo, 1979). The body has many mechanisms that ensure minimal changes in pH. Many microbial processes are inhibited by acidic conditions. For a standard ionizing compound ... 

McKay, D.M., Halton, D.W., McCaigue, M.D., Johnston, C.F., Fairweather, I. and Shaw, C. (1990b) EJymenolepis diminuta intestinal goblet cell response in male C57 mice. Experimental Parasitology 71, 9-20. 

The major saccharidase of the small intestine is amylase that digests starch to the disaccharide maltose and the trisaccharide maltotriose. Intestinal mucus is secreted by goblet cells, which either ooze (constitutive basal secretion) or burst as a result of stimuli. In the last mode of secretion condensed mucus gel granules can expand 500-fold within 20 ms [20]. 

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