Goals and Definitions

The object of this chapter is to provide the foundation necessary for understanding the interactions of small molecules (ligands, be they toxicants or drugs) with receptors, and also the fundamentals of the techniques commonly employed for such analysis. It should be noted that the same theory is also useful for understanding the interaction of two large molecules, and the application of similar theory to such problems has increased as the importance of macromolecular interactions has been realized in recent years. 

6a Definitions. There are several terms in common use that should be defined. 

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With such an emphasis on the future, the classical goals and definitions of engineering education are presented next. This is done to help the reader in framing a deeper proposal of utilizing Lean Engineering Education as a key learning management method. 

The definition above is a particularly restrictive description of a nanocrystal, and necessarily limits die focus of diis brief review to studies of nanocrystals which are of relevance to chemical physics. Many nanoparticles, particularly oxides, prepared dirough die sol-gel niediod are not included in diis discussion as dieir internal stmcture is amorjihous and hydrated. Neverdieless, diey are important nanoniaterials several textbooks deal widi dieir syndiesis and properties [4, 5]. The material science community has also contributed to die general area of nanocrystals however, for most of dieir applications it is not necessary to prepare fully isolated nanocrystals widi well defined surface chemistry. A good discussion of die goals and progress can be found in references [6, 7, 8 and 9]. Finally, diere is a rich history in gas-phase chemical physics of die study of clusters and size-dependent evaluations of dieir behaviour. This topic is not addressed here, but covered instead in chapter C1.1, Clusters and nanoscale stmctures, in diis same volume. 

Life cycle assessment is defined by ISO 14040 as compilation and evalu ation of inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The ISO standards regulate the procedural aspects of LCA. They do not, however, provide all the information required for carrying out an LCA study. The main phases of LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory, impact assessment, and interpretation. The various applications of LCA are not regulated by the standard (Fig. 15.1). 

The goal and scope definitions inform the reader of the intended use of the study, including... 

ISO, F.nvironmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041). 

Goal and Scope Definition. This phase deals with the selection of system boundaries and the setting of the functional unit which describes the primary function(s) fulfilled by a (product) system and can be used as a basis for the comparison of alternative systems. ... 

Life Cycle Interpretation. The results obtained within the Life Cycle Inventory and/or the Life Cycle Impact Assessment are interpreted in the light of the Goal and Scope Definition (e.g., by means of sensitivity or uncertainty analyses) in order to draw conclusions and make recommendations. ... 

ISO 14041 1998 (1998) Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Goal and Scope Definition and Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. European Commitee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium. 

In the first stage of the LCA analysis, it is necessary to define the objective and the scope of the paper before the actual start [35]. The study goal and scope definition determine the next procedure character and the circumstances in which the study outputs are valid [32]. [36] requires to establish a study goal and scope while the study scope means to determine the product system, the functional unit and system boundaries, to determine allocation rules, the assessment methodology, hypothesis and limits and data quality. 

Rebitzer G, Ekvall T, Frischknecht R, Hunkeler D, Norris G, Rydberg T, Schmidt WP, Suh S, Weidema BP, Pennington DW. Life Cycle Assessment Part 1 Framework, Goal and Scope Definition, Inventory Analysis, and Applications. Environment International. 2004 30(5) 701-720. DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005... 

Goal and scope definition, where the goal of the study is defined, the eventual alternatives that will be considered are given, the system boundary is determined and the processes within the product- or service-system are defined. 

ISO (1998) ISO 14041 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva... 

The first involves the proper definition of the problem and hence the goals and objectives of the study. 

At many sites, the investigation phase is performed in two tasks (Phase 1 and Phase 2). Phase 1 focuses on the large picture, a definition of overall site conditions. Data developed are used to assess potential risks and identify potential remedial options. Phase 2 work fills in data gaps and defines the level of detail necessary to establish site-specific remediation goals and to evaluate probable remediation procedures or to indicate the need for pilot cleanup studies. 

Differing contexts require considerable flexibility in writing formulas. Thus, the goal of any context should be to give the formula as clearly and definitively as possible regardless of these guidelines noted above. For examples see Table 26. 

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