Plant glycosides

Selmar, D., R. Lieberei, and B. Biehl, Mobilization and utilization of cyanogenic glycosides. Plant Physiol., 86, 711-716 (1988). 

Bowers, M. D., Chemistry and coevolution Iridoid glycosides, plants, and herbivorous insects, in Chemical Mediation of Coevolution (K. C. Spencer, ed.), 133-165, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1988. 

Hrazdina, G., Marx, G.A. Hoch, H.C. (1982). Distribution of secondary plant metabolites and their biosynthetic enzymes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides. Plant Physiology, 70, 745-748. 

A condition resembling systemic lupus erythematosus has been described in a large number of patients who had been taking a preparation containing phenopyrazone (200 mg), horse chestnut extract (20 mg), and glycoside plant extract (2.5 mg) (Veno-curan) (4 ). 

D-galactose, C HiiOe. Crystallizes in the pyranose form m.p. 1I8-120 C (monohydrate), 165-5" C (anhydrous). An isomer of glucose which is fairly widely distributed in plants. It is a constituent of raffinose and slachyose, of hemicelluloses, of pectin, of gums and mucilages, and of some glycosides. In animals it forms half the lactose molecule and is the sugar found in the brain. Chemically it is very similar to glucose. It has the structure... 

D-glucose, dextrose, C Hi20 . The most common hexose sugar. It is present in many plants, and is the sugar of the blood. It is a constituent of starch, cellulose, glycogen, sucrose and many glycosides, from all of which it can be obtained by hydrolysis with acids or enzymes. 

Linamarin, acetonecyanhydrin, -D>gluco-pyranoside, CeH, 0j 0 C CH3)2 CN. M.p. I43-I45°C. Present in young flax plants and in Phaseolus lunatus and is also the glycoside of rubber seeds. Such glycosides may be regarded as primary materials for synthesis. 

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

Triterpenes. The triterpenes (30 carbon atoms) are widely found in nature, especially plants, both in the free state and as esters or glycosides. A smaller but important group, including lanosterol [79-63-0] (114), occurs in animals. The triterpene hydrocarbon, squalene [111-02-4] (115), occurs in the hver oils of certain fish, especially those of sharks. 

Vitamin rarely occurs in plants. However, Solanumglaucophjllum Solanum malacoyyhn Cestrum diumum and TrinetumJlavescens have been shown to contain water-soluble glycosides of vitamin D analogues with 1 a,25-dihydroxy-vitarnin D activity (16—22). The vitamin D content in various plant and animal materials is shown in Table 3. Vitamin D occurs naturally in all animals (24). 

Glycosides, particularly of phenoHc compounds, are widely distributed in plant tissues (2,10). Glycosides of anthocyanidins, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, flavanonols, stilbenes and saponins, gaUic acid derivatives, and condensed tannins are all common. 

In general, the dyes occur as glycosides, the most common sugar being glucose. Some flavones contain more than one sugar. Their role as dyes in the plant is not definitely known a common suggestion is that they protect the plant from harm fill uv radiation. 

The leaves of the indigo plant do not contain the dye as such, but in the form of its precursor, a glycoside known as indican (109). Indican [487-60-5] is the dextrose derivative (35) of indoxyl [480-93-3] (110). Indoxyl occurs also in the urine of humans as the potassium salt of indoxyl sulfonic acid (111). 

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