Glycolic acid formulations

Fabric softeners made with an Accosoft product are nonyellowing, control static and maintain rewet properties of the fabric. Hydroxyacetic acid is also known as glycolic acid. Formulation No. 448... 

Asano, M., Fukuzaki, H., Yoshida, M., Kumakura, M., Mashimo, T., Yuasa, H., Imai, K., Yamanaka, H., and Suzuki, K., 1989b, In vivo characteristics of low molecular weight copoly(L-lactic acid/glycolic acid) formulations with controlled release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, J. Controlled Release 9 111-122. 

Glycolic acid, an AHA, has become one of the most widely used organic carboxylic acids for skin peeling. Glycolic acid formulations include buffered, partially neutralized, and esterified products. Previous studies have recommended the use of a buffered or partially neutralized glycolic acid, which is safer than free glycolic acid. 

Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-4 pyran 4-1-2 methyl) is a fungal derivative which inactivates tyrosinase via chelation of copper. Concentrations range from 2 to 4%. It can be used for monotherapy or in combination with retinoids or other cosme-ceutical products such as glycolic acid. Compared with hydroquinone, these kojic acid formulations usually show less efficacy. However, they may be effective in patients who do not... 

Based on these studies, it is obvious that poly(N-acylhydroxy-proline esters) are very slowly degrading polymers. These materials may therefore be useful for long-term applications, such as implantable, multiyear contraceptive formulations. For such applications the degradation rates of poly (lactic acid)/poly (glycolic acid) devices would probably be too rapid. 

Early development of polymers in injectable drug delivery primarily involved PLA and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) due to the prior use of these polymers in biomedical applications as sutures. Besides the safe and biocompatible nature of these polymers, their ease of availability made them ideal first candidates for screening parenteral CR formulations. Some of the early biodegradable polymer-based products for injectable sustained release used these polymers. However because... 

Container closure systems required for implantable devices are further restricted by the fact that they are required to be compatible with the formulation over the intended shelf life and therapeutic application time as well as being biocompatible. This means that the system not only must afford protection to and contain the formulation but also cannot cause any potential adverse effects, such as allergy. Typically, implantable systems are composed of biocompatible metals, such as titanium or polymers such as polyethylene glycol or polylactic-co-glycolic acid. 

Jaganathan, K. S., Rao, Y. U. B., Singh, P., Prabakaran, D., Gupta, S., Jain, A., and Vyas, S. P. (2005), Development of a single dose tetanus toxoid formulation based on polymeric microspheres a comparative study of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) versus chi-tosan microspheres, Int. I. Pharm., 294,23-32. 

The adsorption or incorporation of molecules, such as surfactants and polymers, can create a steric repulsion that prevents aggregation [288-290]. This can also increase suspension stability, important for metered-dose inhaler formulations [291]. Lung surfactant coating on the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles has been shown to dramatically improve dry powder aerosol performance by reducing particle-particle interactions [134,292],... 

AHAs are not toxic to melanocytes, and can therefore be applied on dark skins and in all seasons, on condition that effective sun protection is used. Contact time (Table 8.1) depends on skin type, peel concentration and formulation, its pH, the method of application, preliminary skin preparation, etc. At an identical pH, a 50% concentration of glycolic acid will penetrate half as deep as a 70% concentration, and will take twice as long to do so. 

Gels are more active and better tolerated by oily skins, while the most suitable galenical form for dry skins is cream. Kojic acid (2-5%) can also be added gradually to the combined glycolic acid plus hydroquinone formulation to enhance its action. 

P. Modi patented a mixed micellar for administering insulin to the buccal mucosa using a metered dose inhaler.52 The formulation includes a micellar proteinic pharmaceutical agent, lauryl sulphate, salicylate, edetate, and at least one absorption-enhancing compound such as lecithin, hyaluronic acid, glycolic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, or glycerin. 

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