Glutamate, role

Manev H., Favaron M., Guidotti A., and Costa E. (1989). Delayed increase in Ca2+ influx elicited by glutamate Role in neuronal death. Mol. Pharmacol. 36 106-112. 

Figure 10.3-20 shows that i-glutamate plays an important role in the metabolism with many reactions leading to this compound and many reactions starting from it. The first example gives a full structure search in order to show how easy it is to find all reactions that a certain compound participates in. 

Microorganisms requite several minerals such as ferrous and potassium ions which play important roles in glutamic acid fermentation. Other important culture conditions include regulating aeration stirring. The biosynthesis of L-glutamic acid is performed under regulated aerobic conditions. 

Work in the mid-1970s demonstrated that the vitamin K-dependent step in prothrombin synthesis was the conversion of glutamyl residues to y-carboxyglutamyl residues. Subsequent studies more cleady defined the role of vitamin K in this conversion and have led to the current theory that the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation reaction is essentially a two-step process which first involves generation of a carbanion at the y-position of the glutamyl (Gla) residue. This event is coupled with the epoxidation of the reduced form of vitamin K and in a subsequent step, the carbanion is carboxylated (77—80). Studies have provided thermochemical confirmation for the mechanism of vitamin K and have shown the oxidation of vitamin KH2 (15) can produce a base of sufficient strength to deprotonate the y-position of the glutamate (81—83). 

Loikkanen, J., Naarala, J., and Savolainen, K. M. (1998). Modification of glutamate-induced oxidative stress by lead The role of extracellular calcium. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 24, 377-384,... 

Fremeau RT Jr, Voglmaier S, Seal RP et al (2004) VGLUTs define subsets of excitatory neurons and suggest novel roles for glutamate. Trends Neurosci 27(2) 98—103... 

In bone, three proteins have been described which are vitamin K-dependent, osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), matrix Gla protein (MGP), and protein S. Osteocalcin is synthetized by osteoclasts, regulated by the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Its capacity to bind calcium needs a vitamin K-dependent y-carboxylation of three glutamic acid residues. The calcium binding capacity of osteocalcin indicates a possible role in bone mineralization, but its exact function is still unclear. However, it is widely used as a serum marker for bone mineralization. Protein S, mainly a coagulant, is also vitamin-K dependent and synthesized in the liver. Children with... 

NMDAR. An ionotropic receptor for glutamate. It plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms and thus is necessary for several types of learning and memory. 

Besides the clear role for chemokines in modulating recruitment of cells into the CNS in HIV infection, and the potential role for chemokines to directly modulate neuronal signaling, recent evidence has suggested a link between CNS chemokine expression and enhancement of excitotoxic injury through enhancement of glutamate... 

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