Glucose sucrose and

Media used for laboratory studies of exopolysaccharide production may vary considerably from industrial production media. In laboratory studies pure substrates such as glucose, sucrose and glycerol, can be used to determine exopolysaccharide yields. In industrial production the main factors that influence the decision as to which substrate to use are ... 

FRET-based nanosensors have been successfully used to monitor steady state levels of metabolites, nutrients, and ions in mammalian cells [74, 87], Recently FRET-based glucose, sucrose, and amino acid nanosensors have been developed to study the metabolism of glucose, sucrose, and amino acid uptake and metabolism in plant cells [80,89, 91]. The enormous potential of these nanosensors will be crucial for understanding ion (e.g., calcium), metabolite (e.g., sugars), hormone (e.g., auxins, gibberellins etc.), and nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) requirements and homeostasis in living plant tissues. 

Fructose from glucose, sucrose, and salts Organically bound CaY, esterified CaY Water [219-223]... 

Konig and co-workers also reported that Amberlyst 15 can promote the dehydration of carbohydrates to HMF using safe concentrated low melting mixtures consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and about 50 wt% of carbohydrates. From fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inulin, HMF was produced with 40, 9, 27, and 54%, respectively within 1 h of reaction at a temperature around 100°C. Montmorillonite has also been used as a solid acid catalyst affording HMF with 49, 7, 35, and 7% yield from fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inulin, respectively [97]. 

Figure 13.5 Pure component absorption spectra for glucose, sucrose, and maltose over the combination spectral range.

TABLE 13.2 PLS Models for Glucose, Sucrose, and Maltose from Combination Near-Infrared Spectra37... 

Although the findings presented in Table 13.2 and Figure 13.6 indicate excellent selectivity, a more rigorous analysis of selectivity is warranted given the chemical similarity and extreme spectral overlap between glucose, sucrose, and maltose. A pure component selectivity analysis (PCSA) can be used to further characterize the selectivity of the PLS calibration model.31,37... 

An example of the PCSA method is provided in Figure 13.7 for the measurement of glucose in the mixtures of glucose, sucrose, and maltose.37 Figure 13.7 shows... 

Carbohydrates from aqueous solutions xylose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and lactose... 

Tween 80 proved to be the best carbon source for supporting the activity of lyophilized mycelia, while the use of more conventional carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, and glycerol) gave mostly extracellular Hpolytic activities. On the basis of these data, growth conditions could be optimized for mycelium-bound activity and, consequently, fermentations were scaled-up to SOL... 

Fro. 4.—Elution Analysis, on Carbon, of a Mixture of n-Glucose, Sucrose, and Raffinose Developed with Water and Ethanol-Water Mixtures (Refractive Index rs. Volume of Effluent). 

Lactic acid is prepared by the fermentation of carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, and lactose, with Bacillus acidi lacti or related microorganisms. On a commercial scale, whey, corn starch, potatoes, or molasses are used as a source of carbohydrate. Lactic acid may also be prepared synthetically by the reaction between acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide at 130-200°C under high pressure, or by the hydrolysis of hexoses with sodium hydroxide. 

Kiyosawa K. The volumes of hydrated glucose, sucrose and raffinose molecules, and the osmotic pressures of these aqueous saccharide solutions as measured by the freezing-point-of-depres-sion method. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 1988 61 633—642. 

You can predict the relative effect of a solute on vapor pressure based on whether the solute is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte. For example, one mole each of the solvated nonelectrolytes glucose, sucrose, and ethanol molecules has the same relahve effect on the vapor pressure. However, one mole each of the solvated electrolytes sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and aluminum chloride has an increasingly greater effect on vapor pressure because of the increasing number of ions each produces in solution. 

Citeromyces (1) ferments D-glucose, sucrose, and raffinose several oval or spherical budding-cells not filamentous 42... 

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