Glucose metabolism, chromium

Chromium is used extensively in metal plating and is found as a trace element in natural waters. Chromium is capable of assuming oxidation states ranging from 2+ to 6+ with Cr (III) the most stable. Chromium (III) is essential for good health in humans as it plays a role in glucose metabolism. Chromium (III) compounds show little or no toxicity, whereas other chromium compounds, particularly chromium (VI), can be toxic and carcinogenic. 

Other d-metals are also vital to health. For example, chromium(III) plays a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Copper(I) is an essential nutrient for healthy cells and is the only biologically available Lewis acid with a + 1 charge. 

Hertz, Y., Z. Madar, B. Hepher, and A. Gertler. 1989. Glucose metabolism in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) the effects of cobalt and chromium. Aquaculture 76 255-267. 

Sodium chromate and sodium dichromate are both starting points for the production of pigments, corrosion inhibitors, fungicides, and ceramic glazes. Chromium(III) is essential to human health and may play a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. 

Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient required for maintaining normal glucose metabolism. The NRC established estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDIs) of 10-80 pg/day for children aged 1-3 years 30-120 pg/day for children aged 4-6 years, and 50-200 pg/day for children aged 7 years or older (NRC 1989). These recommendations were derived by extrapolating the adult ESADDI value of 50-200 pg/day on the basis of expected food intake. 

Kegley EB, Spears JW, Eisemann JH. 1997. Performance and glucose metabolism in calves fed a chromium-nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride. J Dairy Sci 80 1744-1750. 

Kitchalong L, Fernandez JM, Bunting LD, et al. 1995. Influence of chromium tipicolinate on glucose metabolism and nutrient partitioning in growing lambs. J Anim Sci 73 2694-2705. 

Chromium Altered glucose metabolism Glucose intolerance and malnutrition Liver and kidney impairment Dermatitis Convulsions and coma Respiratory tract and lung cancers (Cr(VI))... 

CHROMIUM Enhances the effect of insulin. Deficiency—results in defective glucose metabolism. Excess—occurs in chronic inhalation of chromium dust and may lead to carcinoma of the lung. 

Chromium is a trivalent cption that occurs as A typical daily intake isO-5 3-8 jimoJ (25-200 ig/day). After absorption from the diet, chromium occurs bound to transferrin. A safe and adequate intake of 50 to 200 ffg Cr/day has been established. Chromium appears to participate in glucose metabolism. The ion may play a part in mediating the hormonal effects of insulin. Chromium deficiency results in abnormally high glucose tolerance curves and impaired clearance of plasma glucose. Chromium deficiency can be induced in animals. There is evidence that... 

Chromium Disturbance of glucose metabolism Lung cancer [Cr(vi)]... 

Chromium is a trace metal that helps maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function. It is used as a supplement to IV solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms. 

Chromium Cr (III) is essential, participating in glucose metabolism. Cr (VI) is highly toxic and cancer stimulating. 

The toxicity of chromium is profoundly related to its oxidation state, whether the metal is in the +3 or +6 oxidation state. Chromium is a naturally occurring metal that is widely used for industrial purposes including plating, leather tanning, as a dye and as a wood preservative. Trivalent chromium (Cr ) is an essential trace nutrient required for proper glucose metabolism and other biological functions. 

The effect of GTF and chromium was further brought into question by the study of Shepherd et al. [32). These investigators found that potentiation of the action of suboptimal concentrations of insulin by GTF is more pronounced in adipocytes from rats fed a tomla yeast diet than in rats fed other diets differing only in the protein source. The authors conclude that the diets did not differ in amino acids, GTF active material, chromium, or 21 other trace elements measured in the diets. However, the level of manganese was low in all the diets, particularly in the torula yeast diet. Since manganese deficiencies have previously been implicated in abnormal glucose metabolism, this deficiency could be responsible for these effects. 

Chromium is an essential element, particularly for glucose metabolism indeed, addition of 200 pg chromium per day to the diet improved metabolism of... 

Albarracin CA, Fuqua BC, Evans JL, and Goldfine ID. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 24 41-51 (2008). 

Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metaL It is an essential trace element and has a role in glucose metabolism. Compounds of hexavalent chromium are toxic. Chromium is a very important alloying element for steel. More than 12% Cr makes steel stainless. 

Chromium is involved in glucose metabolism and it appears to enhance the action of insulin. It is also involved in the action of a number of enzymes. 

Metabolic Functions. Chromium (ITT) potentiates the action of insulin and may be considered a cofactor for insulin (137,138). In in vitro tests of epididymal fat tissue of chromium-deficient rats, Cr(III) increases the uptake of glucose only in the presence of insulin (137). The interaction of Cr(III) and insulin also is demonstrated by experimental results indicating an effect of Cr(III) in translocation of sugars into ceUs at the first step of sugar metaboHsm. Chromium is thought to form a complex with insulin and insulin receptors (136). 

It appears that chromium(III) is an essential trace element in mammalian metabolism and, together with insulin, is responsible for the clearance of glucose from the blood-stream. Tungsten too has been found to have a role in some enzymes converting CO2 into formic acid but, from the point of view of biological activity, the focus of interest in this group is unquestionably on molybdenum. 

URBERG M, ZEMEL M B (1987) Evidence for synergism between chromium and nicotinic acid in the control of glucose tolerance in elderly humans. Metabolism, 36 896-9. 

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