Glucose homeostasis importance

Taken together, these data emphasize the importance of insulin action in the liver for glucose homeostasis, in the regulation of insulin secretion from (3-cells and indicate that the INSR plays an important role in the central regulation of body weight and reproduction [4, 5]. 

Nutrient homeostasis cell uptake of glucose (especially important in adipose and muscle), amino acids (all cells) and fatty acids stimulation of glycolysis but inhibition of gluconeogenesis (liver), synthesis of glycogen (liver and muscle), triglyceride (liver and adipose) and protein (all cells) ... 

Gerich, J.E., Meyer, C., Woerle, H.J., Stumvoli, M. (2001) Renal gluconeogenesis its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 24, 382-391. 

Among the facilitative glucose transporters, there is a strong conservation of sequences between species with greater than 85% identity at the amino acid level from rodent to man. This suggests that an array of glucose transporters with different characteristics are important to proper maintenance of glucose homeostasis in mammals. 

The second section of the book is Fuel Metabolism and Energetics. Important pathways and enzymes involved in fuel utilization are discussed in the chapters Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Mitochondrial En-cephalomyopathy, and Systemic Carnitine Deficiency. The role of gluconeogenesis in glucose homeostasis is illustrated by a discussion in the chapter Neonatal Hypoglycemia. 

Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis. Its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 2001 24 382-391. 

Transgenic mice lacking fatty acid synthase die in utero (Chirala et al., 2003) which suggest not only that this FAS activity is important during development but also that there is no alternative biosynthetic pathway. In mice with a liver-specific inactivation of FAS, lipid and glucose homeostasis is markedly impaired (Chakravarthy et al., 2005). 

Growth hormone has important effects on catabolism and glucose homeostasis. IGF-I is a growth factor induced by the growth hormoue and mediates most of the growth-promoting effects of the hormone. 

In summary, our results define an important role for PPARa in the maintenance of cellular lipid and glucose homeostasis in vivo via the transcriptional control of target genes encoding mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes. We also demonstrate that gender-related mechanisms are involved in hepatic and cardiac lipid metabolism. Lastly, we propose that the PPARa -/- mouse may prove useful as a model of human diseases due to inborn and acquired alterations in cellular lipid metabolism. 

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