Glucocorticosteroids

I and endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule 1 or E-selectine, and expression of MHC class 

II antigens [133,134]. Moreover, they inhibit the secretion of the complement pathway proteins C3 and factor B [135]. 

Corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation (innate immunity), treat autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and as a prophylactic measure to prevent transplant rejection. The adrenocorticosteroid prednisone is often coadministered with other immunosuppressives such as cyclosporine and azathioprine [36]. 

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Glucocorticoid Receptor-Glucocorticoid Resistance Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids, Inhalable Glucocorticosteroids Gluco-mineralocorticoid Receptors Gluconeogenesis... 

Cadepond, F., Schweizeer, G.G., Segatd, M.I., Jibard, N., Hollenberg, S.M., Giguere, V., Evans, R.M., Baulieu, E. (1991). Heat shock protein 90 as a critical factor in maintaining glucocorticosteroid receptor in a nonfunctional state. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5834-5841. 

ATC R01AD08 R03BA05 D07AC17 Use locally active glucocorticosteroid... 

In many countries, glucocorticosteroids are administered as first drug because of their well-known antiallergic effects. However, the onset of action of corticosteroids takes at... 

Distelhorst, C. W. Recent insights into the mechanism of glucocorticosteroid-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 9 6-19, 2002. 

Glucocorticosteroids—all are prohibited when administered orally, rectally, intravenously... 

The glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone (Dexa) was coupled to HSA and Maujo-HSA for targeting to SECs and KCs. Dexa itself could not be coupled directly to the protein, and... 

Folate deficiency can be dietary, especially in the eiderly, due to increased demand like in pregnancy, or due to maiabsorption syndromes. Agents which can cause folic acid deficiency with long-term use include phenytoin, oral contraceptives, isoniazid and glucocorticosteroids. In rare instances the use of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors like trimethoprim, methotrexate or pyrimethamine can contribute to the occurrence of folate deficiency. Folinic acid can circumvent the need for the inhibited dihydrofolate reductase. 

Glucocorticosteroids are effective, especially in combination with other antiemetics, in controlling nausea and vomiting provoked by chemotherapeutic agents. The efficacy in this respect of dexametha-sone and methylprednisolone are best documented. However their mechanism of action is not well understood. 

Glucocorticosteroids are the most potent antiinflammatory agents available. They stabilize lysosomal membranes and reduce the concentration of proteolytic enzymes at the site of inflammation. They promote the synthesis of proteins called lipocortins which inhibit phospholipase-A2 and thus inhibit production of arachidonic acid, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Furthermore, the expression of COX-II and through that the inflammatory effects of the licosanoids is inhibited. Glucocorticosteroids reduce the release of histamine from basophils, decrease capillary permeability and cause vasoconstriction. Glucocorticosteroids stimulate the loss of calcium with the urine and inhibit the resorption of calcium from the gut. 

As a result of saturation of protein binding glucocorticosteroids may exhibit a dose-dependent kinetic behavior with increases of both distribution volume and half-life with increased doses. 

Most glucocorticosteroid are metabolized in the liver to hydroxy- and ketosteroid metabolites which are excreted by the kidneys as glucuronides, sulfates and unconjugated products. Enzyme-inducing agents will diminish the efficacy of glucocorticosteroids. 

Indications for glucocorticosteroids include adrenal insufficiency and inflammatory, non-infectious processes of all sorts such as various types of arthritis, auto-immune diseases, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases, especially Crohn s disease but also ulcerative colitis and further many skin diseases and some diseases of the eye. Their antimitotic activity is used in various anti-cancer chemotherapeutic regimens. They still have an important place... 

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