GLP

Due to their wide range of analytical challenges centralized analytical laboratories are required to adopt a series of QM systems simultaneously. For example, the Competence Center Analytics of BASF AG in Ludwigshafen is certified and accredited to operate under four different QM systems. Undoubtedly, QM systems play a vital role in a modern industrial analytical laboratory. The sale of many products of the chemical industry is not possible without a GLP-certified analytical laboratory. However, in practical tenus the different QM systems can potentially reduce the efficiency of the analytical process and lead to increased costs. 

All testing to support notification must be performed by methods specified in Annex V to Directive 79/831/EEC and in accordance with the principles of good laboratory practice (GLP). GLP is concerned with the organizational processes and conditions under which laboratory studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded and reported. 

Laboratories wishing to claim GLP compliance are nonually registered with Competent Authorities who issue statements of compliance following successful periodic inspections of the premises to monitor compliance with the relevant legislation. In the UK compliance with the Good Laboratory Practice Regulations 1999 is audited by the Medicines Control Agency. 

Appetite-suppressing. Neuropqrtide modulators and gut hormones with anorexigenic effects are a-melanocortin-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, insulin, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic peptide PP, peptide YY and PYY3 36, and others. 

Incretin mimetic Exenatide Mimic GLP-1C enhance prandial insulin secretion SC injectiond... 

The incretin effect is reduced in type 2 diabetes, and this is attributed, at least in part, to reduced secretion of GLP-1. The biological actions of GLP-1 remain essentially intact in type 2 diabetes, but administration of extra GLP-1 is not a practical therapeutic option because the peptide is degraded rapidly if A < 2 min) by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4). DPP-4 cleaves the N-terminal dipeptide from many of the peptides that have either an alanine or a proline residue penultimate to the N-terminus (Fig. 6). 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Table 3 Actions of the incretin hormones GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1)... 

In clinical studies, selective DPP-4 inhibition increased active circulating concentrations of GLP-1 and GEP by two- to threefold. This was associated with increased glucose-induced insulin secretion and suppression of glucagon secretion, although changes in satiety and gastric emptying have not been repotted. 

DPP-1V inhibitors Inhibition of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (by sitagliptin or vildagliptin) prolongs the duration of action of endogenous GLP-1 and thereby... 

Incretins gut hormones that increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GDP Gastric inhibitory peptide or glucose-dependent insulino-tropic peptide... 

Incretin Hormones. Figure 3 Processing of the proglucagon. The proglucagon peptide is synthesized in pancreatic cells and cells from the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract and the brain. Different proconvertases process the peptide so that in the pancreas the glucagon is produced whereas in the Gl tract and the brain, the GLP-1 and GLP-2 peptides are mainly released. 

Importantly, both incretins when secreted by the intestine are rapidly degraded by the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPFV), which removed the two amino-terminus histidine-alanine residues, thereby, inactivating the incretins. This enzyme is present at the surface of the epithelial intestinal cells and capillaries in the vicinity of the K and L cells secreting GIP and GLP-1, respectively. It is also present in the... 

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