Globus pallidus disorders

As noted earlier, several neurological disorders that involve the basal ganglia (e.g., caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen) also manifest OCD symptoms ( 188). They include such varied conditions as... 

The authors suggested a causal association between use of marijuana and extrapyramidal disorders. The research literature contains evidence that the endogenous canna-binoid system plays a role in basal ganglia transmission circuitry, possibly by interfering with dopamine reuptake. Furthermore, central cannabinoid receptors are located in two areas that regulate motor activity, the lateral globus pallidus and substantia nigra (89). 

Lesions in different anatomical sites of the structures that make up the motor loop can be used to create models of movement disorders (Fig. 1). When the subthalamic nucleus is lesioned, a disruption of the indirect pathway results the decline of glutamatergic stimulation of internal globus pallidus/substantia nigra zona reticulata (SNR) neurons via subthalamico-pallidonigral pathways reveals diminished inhibition of the excitatory thalamocortical pathways. The clinical consequence of this lesion is a proximal ballistic movement of the limbs. 

Metabolic stroke with edema evolving into necrosis of the basal ganglia and globus pallidus which leads to disabling movement disorder, motor dysfunction, and hypotonia... 

Neurologicai diseases such as PD, AD disease, and many others are classified as neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegeneration is a progressing process of the death of nervous cells in the central nervous system. In each of these diseases, the destruction in a specific area of the brain is the most prominent. This is substantia nigra (SN) for PD, the hippocampai cortex (HP) for AD, and globus pallidus (GP) and SN for a typical parkinsonism, such as PSP (Fig. 16.1). In all these structures, not only nervous cells but also glial cells are present. Several metabolic pathways may lead to the death of nervous cells. Only oxidative stress, which may be one of these pathways, is dealt with here. 

---