Medial globus pallidus

The direct pathway (Dir Path) which makes monosynaptic contact with the internal (medial) globus pallidus (GPint) and to a lesser extent the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). 

Animal research confirmed that supersensitivity of dopamine receptors develops in the mesolimbic and cerebral cortical areas, much as it does in the striatum (Chiodo et al., 1983 White et al., 1983), and that it can become chronic after termination of neuroleptic treatment (Jenner et al., 1983 Rupniak et al., 1983). While TD is difficult to reproduce in animals, Gunne and Haggstrom (1985) were able to create both acute and irreversible dyskinesias in monkeys and rats. With persistent dyskinesias, they found evidence of irreversible biochemical changes in the basal ganglia and related areas (substantia nigra, medial globus pallidus, and nucleus subthalamicus). 

Lieberman DM, Corthesy ME, Cummins A, Oldfield EH. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by using selective chemical ablation of the medial globus pallidus. J Neurosurg 1999 90 928-934. 

Figure 10.18 Metal content is abnormal in PD basal ganglia. Basal ganglia, coronal section normal (N) brain (a)-(c) (expanded view of Figure 10.17) PD brain (d) f). (a), (d) Iron maps (b), (e) zinc map (c) (f) overlay of iron and zinc cn, caudate nucleus p, putamen Igp, lateral globus pallidus mgp, medial globus pallidus 1ml, lateral medullary lamina mml, medial medullary lamina ami, accessory medullary lamina ic, internal capsule ins, insula ot, optic tract ac, anterior commissure vaf, ventral amyg-dalofugal fibers amg, amygdaloid nucleus u, uncus ent, enthorinal cortex hip, hippocampus , blood vessel arrows, perivascular iron scale bar = 5 mm shaded scales (a, b, d, e) represent the normalized total Ka fluorescence counts proportional to total metal present, from...

Fig. 8.1 Rostrocaudal neuroanatomical distribution of CCR5-immunoreactivity in the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon using a CCR5 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Regions corresponding to pictures are depicted in coronal diagrams taken from the Paxinos and Watson (1998). (a, b) M Motor cortex, (c, d) CPu caudate putamen (striatum), (e,t)SID substantia innominata dorsal part, (g, h) GP globus pallidus, (i, j)Me medial amygdaloid...

McQuade Sharp (1997) tested whether electrical stimulation of the DRN or the MRN releases 5-HT in rat forebrain regions in a pattern that correlates with the distribution of 5-HT projections from the serotonergic nuclei. Stimulation of the DRN evoked the release of 5-HT in the frontal cortex, dorsal striatum, globus pallidus, and ventral hippocampus. Conversely, 5-HT release in dialysates collected from the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and the medial septum was increased in response to MRN stimulation. Thus, the functional mapping of DRN... 

Ennaceur A. Effects of lesions of the substantia innominata ventra pallidum globus pallidus and medial septum on rat s performance in object-recognition and radial-maze tasks physostigmine and amphetamine treatments. Pharmacol Res 1998 38 251-263. 

Fig. 4. (A-J) Distribution of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult rat brain (X-ray film autoradiographs, coronal sections). Arrowheads in E and F mark neocortical layer III cells expressing the GluR7 gene. AV, anteroventral thalamic nucleus BST, bed nucleus stria terminalis CC, corpus callosum white matter tract Cg. cingulate cortex Cpu, caudate putamen DG, denate granule cells DM, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus GP, globus pallidus MPA, medial preoptic area Pir, piriform cortex Rt, reticular thalamic nucleus SCh, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Scale bar, 3.2 mm (Wisden and Seeburg, 1993a).

Falls WM, Park MR, Kitai ST (1982) An intracellular HRP study of the rat globus pallidus. II. Fine structural characteristics and synaptic connections fo medially located large GP neurons. J. Comp. Neurol, 220, 229-245. 

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