Glaxo Operations

Gist-Brocades NV Research Development Glaxo Operations UK Limited... 

Fig. 7.3 View looking down into a 125 stainless steel fermenter. (Courtesy of Glaxo Wellcome Operations.)... 

S. A. VARIAN BSc, PhD, Fermentation Extraction Operations Manager, Glaxo Wellcome Operations, Ulverston, Cumbria... 

Table 7.2 shows the control computer s operation in the Glaxo system. It can be seen that all aspects of the system can be initiated and tested before starting the analysis. The system is modular and can easily be configured according to users preferences. Data can be displayed in either a tabular format or as a graphical display, to suit user requirements. 

Edrecolomab Panorex Glaxo-Wellcome Post-operative adjuvant therapy Dukes C colorectal carcinoma... 

This process has been operated successfully by Glaxo on a commercial scale for over 17 years. An important advance has been the development of an acid stable form of cefuroxime by esterification of the C4 ester group that has allowed the production of products suitable for oral administration. This new product Cefuroxime axetil (trade name Zinnat) has rapidly achieved market sales of ca. 300 in 1990-91... 

Within the pharmaceutical industry itself, the wish of each company s management to see its firm reach what is considered a critical size remained a constant feature as the century came to an end and the new millennium began. It led to new national and transnational mergers. In France, Sanofi (Elf Aquitaine) merged with Synthelabo (L Oreal) and Laboratoires Pierre Fabre with BioMerieux. Elsewhere the Swedish Astra and the British Zeneca combined their operations Pharmacia-Upjohn took control of Monsanto and two giant firms, Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, announced their intention to combine their activities, which would lead to a group with a turnover of 25 billion, exceeded only by Pfizer after its acquisition of Warner Lambert. 

Recently, a highly selective enzymatic hydrolysis of racemic 2-azobicy-clo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one has been developed by Chirotech [103]. The selective hydrolytic cleavage of the (+)-lactam led to the desired, unhydrolyzed (-)-enan-tiomer with a high ee of > 98 %. The single (-)-enantiomer (42) functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of the Glaxo Wellcome anti-HIV drug Abacavir (Scheme 25). It is noteworthy that this process operates at a substrate concentration of > 500 g/1. 

The private pharmaceutical companies currently operating in Egypt include Pfizer, Swiss Pharma, Hoechst, Bristol-Myers Squibb, EIPICO, Pharco, Glaxo, ABI, MUP, Amryia, Sedico, 10th Ramadan, Mepaco, APIC, October Pharma and Amoun Pharmaceutical Industries. The total pharmaceutical turnover of the private sector in Egypt in 1991 was E 619 million. The total pharmaceutical turnover for the public and private sectors combined was E 1000 million (rate of exchange E = 3.3). 

Profile Affymetrix started operations in 1991 as a division of Affymax, N.V. and began operating independently as a wholly owned subsidiary of Affymax in February 1993. In March 1995, Glaxo Wellcome purchased Affymax, including its then 65% interest in Affymetrix. As a result of subsequent financings, Glaxo Wellcome s ownership was approximately 34% of Affymetrix as of August 1997. The company has approximately 150 employees. 

ICI had implemented pharmaceutical research and production well before Beecham and more extensively than Glaxo. A unit within the dyestuffs department initially carried out such work. During World War II it met wartime needs by producing penicillin, sulfa drugs, and an antimalarial product. But so long as the unit operated within the dyestuffs department, it was unable to produce and market these products in an effective manner. Only in 1954 did the pharmaceuticals division receive its independence from dyestuffs, and it began to commercialize new products. As told in Chapter 5, the... 

An efficient procedure for the large-scale preparation of (lSy2S)-trans-2-methoxycyclohexanol ((+)-102), a key intermediate in the synthesis of a new class of tricyclic jS-lactam antibiotics (104), has been developed by Glaxo Wellcome [96]. The key step of the synthesis was the enzyme-catalyzed resolution of rac-102 with immobilized Candida antarctica B lipase (Scheme 31). Novo 435 was used for the asymmetric acylation of rac-102 and provided direct access to the important alcohol (+)-102 in good yield and high optical purity. The enzyme exhibited excellent stability and retained about half of its initial activity after nine cycles of use. This process is now operating on a manufacturing scale. 

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