Ginsenosides Rbl

Radad K, Gille G, Moldzio R, Saito H, Ishige K, Rausch WD. Ginsenosides Rbl and Rgl effects on survival and neurite growth of MPP +-affected mesencephalic dopaminergic cells. J Neural Transm 2004 111 37-45. 

Liu, P. et al., Developmental toxicity research of ginsenoside Rbl using a whole mouse embryo culture model, Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 74, 207, 2005. 

Luo, Y.M., Cheng, X.J., and Yuan, W.X., Effects of ginseng root saponins and ginsenoside Rbl on immunity in cold water swim stress mice and rats, Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 14, 401, 1993. 

Fukuda, N., Tanaka, H., and Shoyama, Y. (1999). Western blotting for ginseng saponins, gmsenosides using anti-ginsenoside Rbl monoclonal antibody. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22, 219-220. 

Radad, K., Gille, G., Moldzio, R., Saito, H., and Rausch, W.-D. (2004b). Ginsenosides Rbl and Rgl effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate. Brain Res. 1021, 41-53. 

Xue, J.-F., Liu, Z.-J., Hu, J.-F., Chen, H., Zhang, J.-T., and Chen, N.-H. (2006). Ginsenoside Rbl promotes neurotransmitter release by modulating phosphyrolation of synapsis through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Brain Res. 1106, 91-98. 

Acetyichoiine Ginsenoside Rbl facilitates acetylcholine release in the rat brain (Benishin 1992). This increase is not associated with increased Ca2-i- uptake, but rather with increased uptake of choline into synaptic... 

Monoamines Ginseng has complex effects on endogenous monoamines. After two weeks of treatment, turnover of dopamine and norepinephrine is increased in the cerebral cortex, and serotonin turnover is increased in the striatum and cerebellum (Itoh et al. 1989). However, dopamine turnover in the striatum is reduced, as is serotonin in the hypothalamus and midbrain. After seven weeks of treatment, on the other hand, serotonin turnover in the cerebellum is increased, but turnover of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin is reduced in all other areas studied. Ginsenosides Rbl and Rgl decrease 5-HT levels or reduce 5-HT turnover (Zhang et al. 1991). There is no specific binding observed of Rgl and Rbl adrenergic (ol o2, or j8), dopamine, or 5-HT receptors. 

Abe K, Cho SI, Nishiyama N, Saito H. (1994). Differential effects of ginsenoside Rbl and malonylginsenoside Rbl on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Brain Res. 649(1-2) 7-11. Abe K, Fujimura H, Toyooka K, Sakoda S, Yorifuji S, Yanagihara T. (1997). Cognitive function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 148(1) 95-100. 

Benishin CG. (1992). Actions of ginsenoside Rbl on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerve endings. Neurochem Int. 21(1) 1-5. 

Etou H, Sakata T, Fujimoto K, Terada K, Yoshimatsu H, Ookuma K, Hayashi T, Arichi S. (1988). [Ginsenoside-Rbl as a suppressor in central modulation of feeding in the rat]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 91(1) 9-15. 

Protection of ischemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside Rbl, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neurosci Res. 28(3) 191-200. 

Salim KN, McEwen BS, Chao HM. (1997). Ginsenoside Rbl regulates ChAT, NGF, and trkA mRNA expression in the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 47(1-2) 177-82. 

Odani T, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. III. The absorption, distribution and excretion of ginsenoside Rbl in the rat. Chem Pharm Bull 1983 31 1059-1066. 

Ginsenoside Rbl Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) [root] GABAA-R ligand... 

S)-protopanaxadiol] Ginsenoside Rbl Rb2 from release, caspase 3 activation,... 

Commercially available P. ginseng products have been reported to have stimulant effects on the central nervous system (CNS) in humans (34) (see Section 5). In animal models, ginseng extracts have been shown to have CNS-stimulant effects (35). Ginsenoside Rgl inhibits neuronal apoptosis in vitro (35), and ginsenoside Rbl reverses short-term memory loss in rats (4). 

In animal studies, ginsenoside Rbl decreases blood pressure, perhaps owing to relaxation of smooth muscle (25). In humans, small studies suggest ginseng may decrease systolic blood pressure at a dose of 4.5 g/day (45), and enhance the efficacy of digoxin in class IV heart failure (46). In contrast, ginsenoside Rgl has been purported to have hypertensive effects (4). Finally,... 

Chan, L., Chiu, P., and Lau, T. 2003. An in-vitro study of ginsenoside Rbl-induced teratogenicity using a whole rat embryo culture model. Human Reprod. 18, 2166-2168. 

Luchtefeld R, Kostoryz E, Smith RE. Determination of ginsenosides Rbl, Rc, and Re in different dosage forms of ginseng by negative ion electrospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2004 52 1953-1956. 

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