German Pharmaceutical Industry

This same barrier is also responsible for some of his student s dissertations, e.g., that of Kerker (68), which contains many of the details of his and Thoma s more important papers (69-71), not being more well known in photochemical circles outside of Europe. These papers showed that not all sources, UV or VIS, gave the same quantitative results. Kerker s thesis also includes the results of a survey of (free) German pharmaceutical industry photon source usage, which indicated that the most used source then in use was sunlight or a sunlight-simulating device. 

The results of this study call into question the exceptional status of the German pharmaceutical industry. In fact, only a single company, Bayer, had already fully institutionalized its research structure before World War I. Not until the 1920 s did all the other firms catch up with this development. This was the case not only in Germany, but throughout the world. Thus it may be surmised that the international leadership role of the German pharmaceutical industry before World War I did not reflect internal research structures. Rather, it was based on a phenomenon of the scientific system, namely the precursor role of German industry in the development of strong lines of communication between enterprises and universities. 

This serendipitous discovery marked the beginning of the synthetic dyestuffs industry, based on coal tar as its main raw material, which is, incidentally, a waste product from another industry, steel manufacture. The development of mauveine was followed by efficient syntheses of natural dyes such as alizarin in 1869 (Graebe and Liebermann, 1869), and indigo in 1878 (Bayer, 1878 Heumann, 1890). The synthetic production of these dyes marked the demise of the agricultural production of these materials and the advent of a science-based, predominantly German chemical industry. The present-day fine chemicals and specialties, e.g. pharmaceuticals, industries developed largely as spin-offs of this coal tar-based dyestuffs industry. 

Nitrogen mustard agents were introduced before the development of nerve agents. Nitrogen mustard agent HN-1 was developed by accident by the German and Czech pharmaceutical industries. It was originally developed to remove warts and kill... 

Today Dieter Mayer is a Consultant for the global pharmaceutical industry and is a member of the Advisary Board of National German Research Associations. 

Germany is the home of some major multinational pharmaceutical companies such as Aventis, BASF, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck KGaA, and Schering AG. VFA is the research-based manufacturers association, whereas the Bundesverband de Pharmazeutischen Industrie (BPI) represents small and medium-sized companies. Because North America is the largest pharmaceutical market in the world, many of the VFA pharmaceutical companies locate their key operations in the United States. Exports to Western European countries represent a major source of income for many of the German pharmaceutical companies. 

Clinical trials of Crixivan were presented in tabular form in the public assessment report. As underscored by BUKO-Pharmakampagne, a German group critical of pharmaceutical industry practices, the format offers few useful details for patients curious about treatment options.85 The EPAR presented... 

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