Gentamicin formulations

Lehr, Lee, and Lee ° investigated two gentamicin formulations of polycarbophil (neutralized vs. non-neutralized) to pigmented rabbit eye. Both polymeric formulations doubled the uptake of gentamicin by the bulbar conjunctiva. 

A novel approach to the modification of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics is under investigation (84). Administration of gentamicin encapsulated in egg phosphatidylcholine Hposomes has been found to lead to a longer half-life and much higher spleen and Hver levels for the gentamicin component. This formulation is undergoing clinical study (85). 

Prolonged presence of the drug at the site of injection is the aim of liposome encapsulation of drugs, which are injected in the vitreous body. Both amphotericin and gentamicin in liposome formulations were cleared from the injection site significantly more slowly than the free drug residence times depended on liposome size and, in some cases, on bilayer composition (Tremblay et al., 1985 Barza et al., 1985, 1987 Fishman et al., 1986). 

Blepharitis is a topical inflammation of the eyelid margins that should be treated using topical antibacterial agents. Gentamicin eye ointment is preferred to the fusidic acid drops since the ointment is a better formulation to be used where the condition involves the eyelid margins. Chloramphenicol eye drops is the third option since it is an antibiotic with a wider spectrum of activity. A combination of corticosteroid and antibiotic is not recommended because of the side-effects associated with the steroid. The use of oral tablets is not usually recommended since blepharitis can easily be managed with topical drops. The use of dexamethasone eye drops, monotherapy steroid, could clear the inflammation but mask persistence of infection. 

The purpose of this study was to adopt a systematic approach to optimize formulation and to characterize the properties of tobramycin-PMMA implants. Tobramycin was selected as it is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas. The specific aims of the study were... 

Neomycin is available in numerous topical formulations, both alone and in combination with polymyxin, bacitracin, and other antibiotics. It is also available as a sterile powder for topical use. Gentamicin is available as an ointment or cream. 

Rama Prasad, Y.V., et al. 2003. Evaluation of oral formulations of gentamicin containing Labrasol in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 268 13. 

In a Phase I study of an NIH-SBIR program addressing osteomyelitis, available results indicate that 1) selected gel-formers are capable of controlling the in vitro release of gentamicin and vancomycin for at least 2 weeks 2) two types of gel-formers can be formulated, with clinically relevant doses of vancomycin, into injectable forms 3) injection of the vancomycin formulation about the periosteum of the goat tibia for localized drug delivery and 4) controlled release of the vancomycin formulation is feasible without leading to toxic blood levels. 

Administration devices for medicines used to treat asthma and COPD are prescriptirm products, with an exception for some nebulised (medicine) formulations. Medicines such as amphotericin B or antibiotics (coUstimethate sodium, tobramycin sulphate or gentamicin) for nebulisation in CF therapy are sometimes stUl partly prepared by hospital pharmacists, and so are nebulised solutions for bronchial challenge testing. Although product formulation and the method of preparation of formulations for inhalation are not the main subjects of this chapter, recommendations are given in the subparagraphs about nebulisation. 

Gentamicin sulfate is an example for an aminoglycoside antibiotic formulated by fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea, used to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections. These antibiotics contain a mixture of active compounds as well as fermentation impimties and degradation products. The pharmaceutical... 

Modified PMMA bone cement formulations were prepared by including different proportions of gentamicin and release modulators such as lactose or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Surface aspect, gentamicin release and porosity of these modified formulations were studied by SEM, dissolution studies and mercury intrusion porosimetry. 21 refs. 

Three preparations of paromomycin ointments have been used for CL paromomycin 15% plus methylbenzethonium chloride 12%, paromomycin 15% with urea 10%, and paromomycin plus gentamicin 0.5%. These formulations have shown variable results according to the species of Leishmania involved and the... 

For the separation of netilmicin and gentamicins Cj, Cj, and C2, and C2, in pharmaceutical formulations, a reversed-phase method has been published (27). In this method 1 1 of the standard and test solutions (0.15 mg/ml methanol/phosphate buffer pH 8.0 (1 1)] were spotted on KCgF or KC gFplates (Whatman). The solvent was methanol/0.1M lithium chloride in 32% ammonia solution (5 25), the migration distance 6 cm. After drying in warm air. the plate was dipped into the reagent... 

R. J. Kunz and H. Jork, Quantitative fluorimetric determination of netilmycin and gentamicines Cl, Cla, C2 and C2a in pharmaceutical formulations on RP layers. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Instrumental HPTLC, Selvino, Italy, 1987, p. 437. 

Application of PMMA as fixative for bone was first demonstrated by Charnley [52]. The PMMA bone cement is composed of the liquid monomer MMA, a partially polymerized PMMA powder, an initiator (commonly used dibenzoyl peroxide), an activator (N, A-dimethyl-p-toluidine), a radiopacifier (visible to X-rays) such as barium sulfate or zirconium oxide, and a copolymer to influence the mixing and handling of the cement [53]. In some cases, an antibiotic (e.g., gentamicin) is included in the formulation to minimize infection during implantation. The polymerization is initiated by the interaction between the activator and the initiator, yielding a free radical... 

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