Genetic engineering to produce

Recently, bacteria have been genetically engineered to produce indigo dye. 

Researchers from the University of Maryland in Baltimore (Maryland), the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research in Ithaca (New York), and Tulane University in New Orleans (Louisiana) have performed the hrst human trial of edible vaccine. Potatoes were genetically engineered to produce a diarrhea-causing toxin secreted by the bacterium Escherichia coli. 

The oval object in this photograph is a bacterium genetically engineered to produce human gamma interferon. (CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.)... 

Bt crop A crop plant genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Current commercial Bt crops include Bt cotton, Bt corn, and Bt soybeans. 

Spider silk Goats genetically engineered to produce a silk protein in milk Minimal... 

Levivier, M., Przedborski, S., Bencsics, C., and Kang, U. J., Intrastriatal implantation of fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson s disease, J. Neumsci., 15, 7810, 1995. 

The Scientific American (www.sciam.com, 2001) reported a study at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (United States) in which two mouse strains were genetically engineered to produce large quantities of a malarial parasite surface protein from Plasmodium falciparum. The malaria vaccine secreted in their milk was able to contain the disease in monkeys vaccinated with the same. This study has now been extrapolated to target livestock as the source animals. GTC is currently... 

Frim, D.M., Uhler, T.A., Galpern, W.R., Beal, M.F., Breake-field, X.O. and Isacson, O. (1994) Implanted fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce brain derived neurotrophic factor prevent 1 methyl 4 phenylpyridinium toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 5104-5108. 

Thomceus S, Carlsson AS, Stymne S. (2001) Distribution of fatty acids in polar and neutral hp-ids during seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana genetically engineered to produce acetylenic, epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids. Plant Science 161 997-1003. 

The second event, that of Prodigene s PMP corn, is one immediately relevant for PMP production. In September and October of 2002, in Iowa and Nebraska respectively, APHIS found volunteer corn plants genetically engineered to produce a pharmaceutical to prevent traveler s diarrhea growing in soybean fields in violation of permit conditions. Specifically, Prodigene did not abide by the conditions of their field release permit to eradicate all traces of the experimental crop from the fields, as small quantities of this corn ended up in soybean that was to be processed and sold for human consumption. 

From the latter comes the fated promise to replace the finite petroleum reserves and to prepare products in an environmentally Mendly manner to sustain an increasingly complex society. It is now possible, by genetic engineering, to produce proteins that evolution has never called upon nature to prepare and to produce protein-based materials for addressing primary problems required for sustaining our society. 

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