Gene modifiers genes

Richardson JH, Child LA, Lever AM (1993) Packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA requires cis-acting sequences outside the 5 leader region, J Virol 67 3997 005 Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Bym RA, Finer MH (1994) Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8-I- T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 84 2878-2889 Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, Loftin S, Li C, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Heslop HE (1995) Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr-virus-related lympho-proliferation. Lancet 345 9-13... 

Production of poly(3HB) in the chloroplast of A. thaliana has also been independently demonstrated with similar experiments by the group of Monsanto. They have reported that by using the phaA, phaB, and phaC genes modified for plastid targeting and expressed under the CaMV35S promoter, poly(3HB) levels up to 12-13% dry weight were obtained in A. thaliana shoots. 

Fig. 8.3 Expression of P-glycopro-tein in human small intestine according to genotype at position 3435 of the MDR1 gene (modified from [10] with permission from Dr. U. Brinkmann).

Syrian hamster, Cricetus sp. 0.12-2 Gy, single acute exposure Human, Homo sapiens Genes modifying cytoskeletal development adversely affected at all doses within 3 h by both high LET (neutrons) and low LET (gamma rays, X-rays) radiations 11... 

The incidence of ovarian tumors in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits increased after 3 years of chronic irradiation at doses as low as 1.1 mGy daily (Lorenz et al. 1954). Unlike other tumors, the induction of ovarian tumors depended on a minimum total dose and seemed to be independent of a daily dose (Lorenz et al. 1954). Radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of hamster cells may be associated initially with changes in expression of the genes modifying cytoskeletal elements (Woloschak et al. 1990b). 

The intracellular distribution of steroid hormone receptors has long been the object of controversy. The first theoretical formulation on the intracellular location of the ERs was elaborated by Jensen in 1968 and is known as the two-step theory. Its execution was based entirely on biochemical observations obtained by means of tritium-marked estradiol. The ERs, in cells not exposed to hormones, are found abundantly in the soluble cell fraction, or cytosol (Fig. 1.1). Treatment with hormones confines the receptors to the particulated or nuclear fraction and causes their disappearance from the cytosol. The two-step theory established that the receptor is found in the cytoplasm naturally and upon the arrival of a hormone it is transformed into a complex hormone-receptor (first step) capable of translocating itself to the nucleus and of modifying gene expression (second step). 

Poulsen, L.K., Allergy assessment of foods or ingredients derived from biotechnology, gene-modified organisms, or novel foods. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 48, 413, 2004. 

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