Gastrointestinal tract mouth

Webb LM, Taylor DM, Williams DR. 1998. Computer modeling of the chemical speciation of lanthanide and actinide elements in the human gastrointestinal tract Mouth and stomach. Radiat Prot Dosim 79(l/4) 219-222. 

The relative toxicities of thallium compounds depend on their solubHities and valence states. Soluble univalent thallium compounds, eg, thaHous sulfate, acetate, and carbonate, are especiaHy toxic. They are rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, skin peritoneal cavity, and sites of subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. Tb allium is also rapidly absorbed from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, mouth, and lungs foHowing inhalation of soluble thallium salts. Insoluble compounds, eg, thaHous sulfide and iodide, are poorly absorbed by any route and are less toxic. 

Swallowing. If it is sufficiently irritant or caustic, a swallowed material may cause local effects on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Additionally, carcinogenic materials may induce tumor formation in the alimentary tract. Also, the gastrointestinal tract is an important route by which toxic materials are absorbed. The sites of absorption and factors regulating absorption have been reviewed (42,43). 

Ingestible materials get into the mouth through hand-to-mouth contact, and through coughing when inhaled particulate material is removed from the lungs to the throat and then swallowed. Since there are acids, alkalies and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, the toxic nature of a compound may be enhanced or diminished. 

Gastrointestinal tract—nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, epigastric pain, indigestion, abdominal distress or discomfort, intestinal ulceration, stomatitis, jaundice, bloating, anorexia, and dry mouth... 

Enteral nutrition Delivery of nutrients via the gastrointestinal tract, either by mouth or by feeding tube. 

A number of the water-soluble polymers also have adhesive properties which are being extensively evaluated for drug delivery (9). These polymers will adhere to the mucous coating in the gastrointestinal tract, the nose, and the mouth to delay passage and sustain drug release. Those polymers with the best adhesive properties are those with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Table II lists some of the bioadhesive polymers and their adhesive properties. 

The gastrointestinal tract is essentially a tube that runs through the center of the body from the mouth to the anus. This tube consists of the following organs ... 

Chemicals in the environment may enter the mouth and be swallowed into the gastrointestinal tract. If they are in the vapor state or are attached to very fine dusts in the air, they may be inhaled through the nose and mouth and thereby enter the airways leading to the lungs. Some chemicals reach the skin, sometimes dissolved in some medium, sometimes not. What happens following the contact of environmental chemicals with these three routes of entry to the body ... 

Symptoms of exposure Produces skin burns. Causes eye irritation on contact. Inhalation may cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Acute toxic effects following ingestion may include corrosion of mouth and gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, diarrhea, ulceration, bleeding from intestines and circulatory collapse (Patnaik, 1992 Windholz et al., 1983). An irritation concentration of 25.00 mg/m in air was reported by Ruth (1986). 

The most common way to take medications is by mouth (orally). This is the slowest and least efficient way to get medication into your system. When a tablet or capsule is swallowed, much of it either passes through the gastrointestinal tract without ever being absorbed into the bloodstream or is inactivated by the liver before it has a chance to reach the rest of the body (more on this later). The fastest and most efficient means to get medication into the bloodstream is to inject it directly into a vein (intravenously). If oral medication is so much slower and so much less efficient, then why do we usually take our medications by mouth We do so because it is easier, cheaper, safer, and painless to take medications orally. 

This variation may be a result of (1) a real difference in children s intake of soil, (2) that the intake of the various tracer elements are not only from soil, but also from food or other objects which children put into their mouth, (3) errors in sampling excreta, primarily feces, from the diaper, (4) tracer elements that are transferred to feces via contact with the diaper, e.g., from certain skin lotions, (5) a difference in absorption of the various tracer elements from the gastrointestinal tract, and (6) the collected soil samples that are usually inhomogeneous and not representative of an average exposure. 

Topical anesthesia Local use of drugs of this kind on the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, larynx, tracheobrachial tree, eyes, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract causes superficial anesthesia. 

Nicotine is well absorbed from the mucous membranes in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory system. If tobacco smoke is held in the mouth for 2 seconds, 66 to 77% of the nicotine in the smoke will be absorbed across the oral mucosa. If tobacco smoke is inhaled, approximately 90 to 98% of the nicotine will be absorbed. Nicotine is distributed throughout the body, readily crossing the blood-brain and placental barriers. The liver, kidney, and lung metabolize approximately 80 to 90% of the alkaloid. The kidney rapidly eliminates nicotine and its metabolites. 

The oral route (through the mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract), and can be solid systems (tablets, capsules) or liquids (mixtures, lincmses, syrups). 

N.A. Geum urbanum L. Phenolic glycosides (eugenol), tannins, volatile oil, sesquiterpene lactone, cnicin." Treat mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract disorders. For peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndromes. 

The internal environment of the gastrointestinal tract varies throughout its length, particularly with regard to the pH. Substances taken orally first come into contact with the lining of the mouth (buccal cavity), where the pH is normally around 7 in human, but more alkaline in some other species such as the rat. The next region of importance is the stomach, where the pH is around 2 in human and certain other mammals. 

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