Gastrointestinal endoscopy

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the preferred diagnostic test for assessing the mucosa for esophagitis and Barrett s esophagus.1 It enables visualization and biopsy of the esophageal mucosa. Endoscopy should be considered upon initial presentation in any patient who presents with complicated symptoms and those at risk for Barrett s esophagus.1... 

RennerF, MittermayerH, HafnerM, SchoflR Prophylaxis with antibiotics in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Z Gastroenterol 2002 40 1-7. 

Pech O, Gossner L, May A, Rabenstein T, Vieth M, Stolte M, Berres M, Ell C (2005) Long-term results of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid for superficial Barrett s cancer and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 62 24-30. 

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Director of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco... 

Molckovsky et al. succeeded in differentiating adenomatous from hyperplastic polyps during a gastrointestinal endoscopy [25]. Figure 2.9 shows the in vivo Raman spectra of adenomatous compared with hyperplastic polyps. 

Magni VC, Frost RA, Leung JWC, Cotton PB. A randomized comparison of midazolam and diazepam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1983 55 1095-101. 

Silvis, S.E., Nebel, O., Rogers, G., Sngawa, C., Mandelstam, P. Endoscopic complication. Results of the 1974 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey. JAMA 1976 235 928 - 930... 

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is one of the most commonly performed invasive procedures in clinical practice (for example about 500 000 procedures per annum in Australasia). Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic with a rapid onset of action and a short half-life, making it eminently suitable for day procedures. However, the use of propofol by non-anesthetists has been controversial because of the perceived risks of its low therapeutic ratio. 

A 61-year-old woman was given 15 ml of lidocaine solution 2% and lidocaine spray 4% for topical anesthesia of the throat and oropharynx before upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. She was also sedated with intravenous midazolam 2 mg and pethidine 75 mg. She became cyanosed and desaturated (Sp02 78%) immediately after the procedure. Her Sp02 did not recover, despite 100% oxygen. Her methemoglobin concentration was 37%. 

Acute bilateral parotid swelling occurred after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a 53-year-old woman who had gargled 2% lidocaine solution beforehand the swelling was associated with difficulty in swallowing and resolved after treatment with intravenous glucocorticoids for 4 days (340). 

Zuberi BF, Shaikh MR, Jatoi NU, Shaikh WM. Lidocaine toxicity in a student undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gut 2000 46(3) 435. 

Kastenberg D, Chasen R, Cuckoo C, Riff D, Steinberg S, Weiss E, Wruble L Efficacy and safety of sodium phosphate tablets compared with PEG solution in colon cleansing two identically designed, randomized, controlled, parallel group multicenter phase III trials. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001 54 705-712. 

E. Masuko, H. Homma, H. Ohta, S. Nojiri, R. Koyama, and Y. Niitsu, Rheologic Analysis of Gastric Mucosal Hemodynamics in Patients with Cirrhosis, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 49(3), 371-379 (1999). 

Gallo, S.H., Mcclave, A., Makk, L.J. and Looney, S.W. (1996) Standardization of clinical criteria required for use of the 12.5 millimeter barium tablet in evaluating esophageal lumenal patency. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 44, 181-184. 

Sartor RB Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In Drossman DA, ed. Manual of Gastroenterologic Procedures. New York, Raven, 1993 131—139. 

S34. Sherr, H. P., and Cocco, A. E., Comparison of hepatic function before and after premedication for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Am. ]. Med. Sci, 267, 151-158 (1974). Shields, L. H., Disseminated cryptococcosis producing a sarcoid type reaction. Report of a case treated with amphotericin B. Arch. Intern. Med. 104, 763-770 (1959). 

Gleiter, C. H., K-H. Antonin, and P. Bieck. 1985. Colonoscopy in the investigation of drug absorption in healthy volunteers. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 31 71-73. 

M. Panjehpour, B.F. Overholt, J.M. Haydek (2000). Light sources and delivery devices for photodynamic therapy in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America, 10, 513-532. 

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the gold standard in diagnosis. The gastric mucosa can be readily evaluated and tissue biopsies taken. The endoscopic appearance of gastric cancer can range from minor mucosal abnormalities, such as an abnormal fold or subtle... 

A 74-year-old patient stabilised on acenocoumarol, enalapril, piretanide, and digoxin had the piretanide and enalapril switched to furosemide and fosinopril. Eleven days later, he presented with dark faeces (melaena) and had a low haemoglobin. Fosinopril and acenocoumarol were stopped, and then enalapril and acenocoumarol were restarted. On gastrointestinal endoscopy, no explanation for the melaena was found, and his haemoglobin level had returned to normal 15 days later. This case was attributed to possible potentiation of the effect of acenocoumarol by fosinopril, but as the drugs were not taken alone, the interaction is not proven. 

Cameron DJ (1991) Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in children and adolescents with Crohn s disease a prospective study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 355-358... 

Zhou, C., et al. Three-dimensional endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging of cervical inlet patch. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 75(3), 675-677 (2012)... 

Waye, J.D., Grund, K.E., Farin, G. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) - Clinical usefulness in flexible endoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 43(4), 64 (1996)... 

Vargo, J.J. Clinical applications of the argon plasma coagulator. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 59(1), 81-88 (2004)... 

In a systematic review of 11 randomized studies in 623 patients undergoing lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, patient-reported... 

Welchman S, Cochrane S, Minto G, Lewis S. Systematic review the use of nitrous oxide gas for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010 32(3) 324-33. 

A prospective study of 1780 consecutive upper gastrointestinal endoscopies showed a prevalence of gastric polyps of 7.2% ( = 129) within this subgroup, 77 patients (4.3%) had fundic gland polyps [77. Proton pump inhibitors had been used by 64% of patients with fundic polyps and 16% of those without polyps. Multiple regression analysis showed that three... 

Hiyama T, Tanaka S, Yoshihara M, Fukuhara T, Mukai S, Chayama K (2006) Medical malpractice litigation related to gastrointestinal endoscopy in Japan a two-decade review of civil court cases. World J Gastroenterol 12 6857-6860... 

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a safe and effective technique, with not only diagnostic advantages, but also because it provides the opportunity to perform interventional procedures (biopsy, sclerotherapy, etc.). A very important limitation is that upper gastrointestinal endoscopy displays only the inner surface of hollow organs, thus preventing evaluation of the transmural extent of tumors as well as involvement of abdominal lymph nodes and peritoneal fat. Furthermore, disease extension to surrounding anatomical structures cannot be detected. 

Gay G, Delvaux M, Laurent V et al (2005) Temporary intestinal occlusion induced by a patency capsule in a patient with Crohn s disease. Endoscopy 37 174-177 Gonvers J, Burnand B (1996) Appropriateness and diagnostic yield of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in an open-access endoscopy unit. Endoscopy 28 661-666 Gore RM, Balthazar EJ, Ghahremani GG et al (1996) CT features of ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169 3-15... 

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Blake 4,55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA W. Brugge, MD... 

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