Gas unstable

Bismuthine. Bismuthine [18288-22-7] BiH, is a colorless gas, unstable at room temperature, but isolatable as a colorless Hquid at lower temperatures. Owing to its instabiUty and difficulty of preparation, no mote than a few hundred milligrams of the pure compound have been available for any single study. Vapot-ptessute data from —116 to —43°C have been determined, and by extrapolation, a normal boiling point of +16.8° C has been indicated AH, calculated from the same data, is 25.15 kj/mol (6.01 kcal/mol) (7). 

Air and gas, unstable foam and stable foam techniques are used almost exclusively for onshore drilling operations, rarely in offshore applications. Aerated mud, however, is used for both onshore and offshore drilling operations. 

The downhole turbine motor designed to be activated by the flow of incompressible drilling mud cannot operate on air, gas, unstable foam or stable foam drilling fluids. These downhole turbine motors can only be operated on drilling mud or aerated mud. 

Suddenly exposed to a high-velocity gas stream, a droplet is deformed into a saucer shape with a convex surface to the gas flow. The edges of the saucer shape are drawn out into thin sheets and then fine filaments are sheared from the outer part of the sheets, which subsequently disintegrate into smaller droplets and are swept rapidly downstream by the high-velocity gas. Unstable growth of short wavelength surface waves appears to be involved in the breakup process. 21° This is known as shear breakup (Fig. 3.10)J246f... 

Properties Colorless, hygroscopic gas. Unstable in the presence of water. Bp-83C, d 1.139 (-114C), fp -114C. Min purity 97 mole %. Nonflammable. 

Colorless gas, unstable at room temperature. Does not fume in air hydrolyzed by water absorbed completely by sodium hydroxide solution with evolution of heat. 

The exposure of the unbound material to water and atmosphere and its influence on water chemistry and emissions are illustrated in Fig. 5. When exposed to water and gas unstable minerals dissolves and more stable mineral may precipitate. These reactions change the material properties and control the water chemistry. The dissolved elements are transported under the influence of advection and dispersion out of the system and become an emission. 

M.p. — 116-3 C, b.p. —55°C. An unstable poisonous gas (metal arsenide plus acid or arsenic compounds plus Zn plus dil. acid, AsCla plus LiAlH4) which decomposes to As... 

CH2CI-CO-CH3. Colourless lachrymatory liquid b.p. 119°C. Manufactured by treating propanone with bleaching powder or chlorine. It is used as a tear gas and is usually mixed with the more potent bromoacetone. chloro acids Complex chloroanions are formed by most elements of the periodic table by solution of oxides or chlorides in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Potassium salts are precipitated from solution when potassium chloride is added to a solution of the chloro acid, the free acids are generally unstable. 

The gas oils from visbreaking and coking have better cetane numbers than LCO but they are unstable and need hydrotreatment before they can be used. 

Liquid products from coking are very unstable (high diene contents), very olefinic, and highly contaminated by sulfur and nitrogen. The production of gas is considerable. 

Unstable species such as O, FI and N atoms, molecular radicals and vibrationally excited diatomics can be injected by passmg the appropriate gas tluough a microwave discharge. In a SIFT, the chemistry is usually straightforward since there is only one reactant ion and one neutral present in the flow tube. 

For bulk structural detemiination (see chapter B 1.9). the main teclmique used has been x-ray diffraction (XRD). Several other teclmiques are also available for more specialized applications, including electron diffraction (ED) for thin film structures and gas-phase molecules neutron diffraction (ND) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for magnetic studies (see chapter B1.12 and chapter B1.13) x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) for local structures in small or unstable samples and other spectroscopies to examine local structures in molecules. Electron microscopy also plays an important role, primarily tlirough unaging (see chapter B1.17). 

Although modem laser teelmiques ean in prineiple aehieve mueh narrower energy distributions, optieal exeitation is frequently not a viable method for the preparation of exeited reaetive speeies. Therefore ehemieal aetivation—often eombined with (laser-) flash photolysis—still plays an important role in gas-phase kmeties, in partieular of unstable speeies sueh as radieals [ ]. Chemieal aetivation also plays an important role in energy-transfer studies (see chapter A3.13). 

Cluster research is a very interdisciplinary activity. Teclmiques and concepts from several other fields have been applied to clusters, such as atomic and condensed matter physics, chemistry, materials science, surface science and even nuclear physics. Wlrile the dividing line between clusters and nanoparticles is by no means well defined, typically, nanoparticles refer to species which are passivated and made in bulk fonn. In contrast, clusters refer to unstable species which are made and studied in the gas phase. Research into the latter is discussed in the current chapter. 

Chlorine forms several very reactive, unstable oxides. Dichlorine monoxide CI2O is a yellowish gas at room temperature, the liquid... 

Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Seventeen other unstable isotopes are now recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine with other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds is established. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been... 

The cold plasmas tend to be unstable, are sometimes difficult to maintain, and provide ion yields that are less than those of the hot plasmas. To obviate the difficulties of the interfering isobaric molecular ions from hot plasmas, it has been found highly beneficial to include a collision cell (hexapole see Chapter 22) before the mass analyzer itself. This collision cell contains a low pressure of hydrogen gas. lon/molecule collisions between the hydrogen and, for example, ArO+... 

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