Gas purchasable

If the gas purchaser is a company which distributes gas to domestic and industrial end users, he typically wants the producer to provide... 

Because the value of Z for natural gas is significantly less than unity at ambient temperatures and at pressures greater than 1 MPa (145 psia), the compressibility must be taken into account in gas measurement gas purchased at high line pressure will fflve a greater volume when the pressure is reduced than it would if the gas were ideal. Natural gas pipeline operators use a.. supercompre.s.sihility faclor, also called Z, out defined as... 

Another common impurity of natural gas is nitrogen. Since nitrogen has essentially no calorific value, it lowers the heating value of gas, Gas purchasers may set a minimum limit of heating value (normally approximately 9.50 Biu/scl). In some cases it may be necessary to remove the nitrogen to satisfy this requirement. This is done in very low temperaliire plants or with permeable membranes. These proces [Pg.4]

In addition to heavy hydrocarbons and water vapor, natural gas often contains other contaminants that may have to be removed. Carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other sulfur compounds such as mercaptans are compounds that may require complete or partial removal for acceptance by a gas purchaser. These compounds are known as acid gases. H2S combined with water forms a weak form of sulfuric acid, while CO2 and water forms carbonic acid, thus the term acid gas. ... 

The first major federal regulatory event affecting natural gas pipelines was the Natural Gas Act of 1938, which gave the Federal Power Commission jurisdiction to regulate three areas (1) pipeline sales of gas purchased from producers and resold to local distribution companies in interstate commerce (2) transportation m interstate commerce and (3) the facilities used for such sales and such transportation. 

Further government regulation that totally changed how natural gas was distributed resolved this difficulty. Historically, pipeline companies were required to act as purchasers and resellers of gas. The new approach ol the 1980s limited pipelines to selling transmission seiwices. Customers of the pipelines purchase the gas directly from producers. By exiting from gas purchasing, the pipelines could similarly hack out of unattractive contracts. 

High purity, research grade chlorine gas purchased from Matheson Gas Products was used, as was research grade carbon tetrachloride, toluene, and ethanol. 

Anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas purchased from Burnox, Kansas City, MO. was employed. 

Establishing a storage facility at Ninotsminda may open for reductions of the import price of gas from Russia. It is, however, uncertain and difficult to estimate how much lower the price for gas purchased during summer for injection into the storage may be. But if the summer gas price is approx. 5% lower than the winter price, the total effect on the consumer tariffs after establishment of gas storage may be neutral. 

Negotiate Requisite Project Contracts (e.g. Export Pipeline Agreement, Gas Purchase and Sales Agreement, Gas Transportation Agreement, Financing Agreements)... 

Title pass (at border or other location) Gas purchase and sale agreement Upstream investor and host government authority Multiple parties... 

Users Gas purchase and sale agreement Aggregator Users... 

Gas purchasing long-term contracts is a topical illustration where antitrust biases and uncertainties may work against security of supply, for they can discourage investment. 

Figure 3 shows the high pressure network (70 bar and 16 bar) under operation and the location of a big underground storage of the aquifer type, which was exploited for seasonal equalisation of gas purchase. More details of high pressure transportation are given in /3/. Let us at first have a look on the present situation and special problems caused by different qualities. 

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