Gas Gasification

For the investment for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis unit is used 10,200 Euro/barrel per day capacity (BPD). This value is based on 30% of the cost of a FT-unit with natural gas gasification of 30,000/BPD. 

See ammonia, anhydrous Oxo process Haber, Fritz water gas gasification Fischer-Tropsch process. 

A generic model for the E-Gas gasification process has been established applying the boundary conditions from Table 5.11. The results presented in Table 6.14 show the effect of two-stage slurry feeding where H2/CO ratios between 0.75 and 0.80 can be obtained at elevated cold gas efficiencies of 73.9-80.2%, which can be traced to the chemical quench and the comparatively high methane content of the product gas. When SAf coal is used instead of Pitt 8 coal, the increase in oxygen consumption is limited to 7.7% (8.6% in the case of GE-R ... 

In the case of the E-Gas gasification, the first stages can also be displayed as distinct points, which are inside the slurry-feed entrained-flow domain for the standard system and inside the dry-feed domain for the enhanced system (entrained slagging transport reactor [E-STR]). The slurry point, which is located at the coal-H20 axis, represents the coal-water slurry that is introduced in the second stage. The overall mixing points, again, represent the outlet of the gasifier and can be found inside the fluid-bed domain. 

Fig. 25 Simplified process flow diagram of the IGCC with fuel cell 2MW carbonate fuel cell power plant operating on coal gas from an E-gas gasification plant.

Bi-Gas process A high-pressure operation for the conversion of solid fuel into substitute natural gas (SNG) using two stages of gasification. 

Carbon monoxide and excess steam are normally passed over a cobalt catalyst at about 250-300 C resulting in greater than 99% conversion of CO to COj. This conversion reaction is widely used in oil or solid fuel gasification processes for the production of town gas or substitute natural gas. ... 

Synthesis gas is obtained either from methane reforming or from coal gasification (see Coal conversion processes). Telescoping the methanol carbonylation into an esterification scheme furnishes methyl acetate directly. Thermal decomposition of methyl acetate yields carbon and acetic anhydride,... 

Although the rapid cost increases and shortages of petroleum-based feedstocks forecast a decade ago have yet to materialize, shift to natural gas or coal may become necessary in the new century. Under such conditions, it is possible that acrylate manufacture via acetylene, as described above, could again become attractive. It appears that condensation of formaldehyde with acetic acid might be preferred. A coal gasification complex readily provides all of the necessary intermediates for manufacture of acrylates (92). 

Produced from Co l. Estimates of the cost of producing methanol from coal have been made by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (12,17) and they are more uncertain than those using natural gas. Experience in coal-to-methanol faciUties of the type and size that would offer the most competitive product is limited. The projected costs of coal-derived methanol are considerably higher than those of methanol produced from natural gas. The cost of the production faciUty accounts for most of the increase (11). Coal-derived methanol is not expected to compete with gasoline unless oil prices exceed 0.31/L ( 50/bbl). Successful development of lower cost entrained gasification technologies could reduce the cost so as to make coal-derived methanol competitive at oil prices as low as 0.25/L ( 40/bbl) (17) (see Coal conversion processes). 

The Eastman Chemicals from Coal faciUty is a series of nine complex interrelated plants. These plants include air separation, slurry preparation, gasification, acid gas removal, sulfur recovery, CO /H2 separation, methanol, methyl acetate, and acetic anhydride. A block flow diagram of the process is shown in Eigure 3. The faciUty covers an area of 2.2 x 10 (55 acres) at Eastman s main plant site in Kingsport, Teimessee. The air separation plant is... 

The gasification plant is equipped with two Texaco gasifiers, each capable of producing all of the synthesis gas required for operation of the complex. Eastman chose an entrained-bed gasification process for the Chemicals from Coal project because of three attractive features. The product gas composition using locally available coal is particularly suitable for production of the desired chemicals. Also, the process has excellent environmental performance and generates no Hquids or tars. EinaHy, the process can be operated at the elevated pressure required for the downstream chemical plants. 

Alternative feedstocks for petrochemicals have been the subject of much research and study over the past several decades, but have not yet become economically attractive. Chemical producers are expected to continue to use fossil fuels for energy and feedstock needs for the next 75 years. The most promising sources which have received the most attention include coal, tar sands, oil shale, and biomass. Near-term advances ia coal-gasification technology offer the greatest potential to replace oil- and gas-based feedstocks ia selected appHcations (10) (see Feedstocks, coal chemicals). 

Steam also is blended with air in some gasification units to promote the overall process via the endothermic steam—carbon reaction to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This was common practice at the turn of the nineteenth century, when so-called producer gasifiers were employed to manufacture LHV gas from different types of biomass and wastes. The producer gas from biomass and wastes had heating values around 5.9 MJ /mr at... 

---